Exploration of Psychrophilic Microbial Diversity and Physicochemical Environmental Variables of Glacier-Fed Lakes in the Garhwal Himalaya, India

喜馬拉雅高瓦區冰河湖中嗜冷微生物多樣性和理化環境變量之研究

10.6937/TWC.202009/PP_68(3).0004

Rahul Kumar；Ramesh C. Sharma

Microbial diversity ； Environmental Variables ； Satopanth Lake ； Neel Tal ； Garhwal Himalaya ； 微生物多樣性 ； 環境變量 ； Satopanth湖 ； Neel Tal湖 ； 喜馬拉雅高瓦區

台灣水利

68卷3期（2020 / 09 / 01）

38 - 51

英文

Water samples were collected from two different glacier-fed lakes located at a very high altitude in the Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttarakhand for two continuous years 2014-2015. Water samples were collected at a depth of 10 cm in two sampling operations each year. This was done to isolate and identify the psychrophilic microbial diversity including bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. Apart of the microbial diversity, a total of eighteen physical and chemical environmental variables were recorded from the water samples collected in two different glacier-fed lakes. In the water samples collected from the Satopanth Lake, a total of six bacterial species, four actinomycetes species and five species of fungi were recorded. On the other hand, seven bacterial species, five actinomycetes species and four species of fungi were recorded in the water samples collected from the Neel Tal. This pivotal study on the assessment of physicochemical characteristics and psychrophilic microbial diversity of both the glacier-fed lakes can be a good reference for further study on the similar aspects. The available data will also help the government and policy makers to adjust policies for the conservation and management of both lakes, as these lakes provide essential water resources to nearby residents, tourists, sages, trekkers and wild animals for consumption and various recreation activities.

本研究於2014－2015連續兩年從位於北阿坎德邦的喜馬拉雅高瓦區的兩個高海拔冰川湖收集水樣，每年兩次的採樣皆於深度10公分處進行，旨在分離和鑑定包括細菌、放線菌和真菌在內的嗜冷微生物的多樣性。除微生物多樣性外，於兩個冰川湖收集的水樣中總共發現並記錄了18個理化環境變量。Satopanth湖的水樣中發現了總共6種細菌，4種放線菌和5種真菌。Neel Tal湖的水樣中則包含了7種細菌，5種放線菌和4種真菌。這項針對兩個冰川湖的理化特徵和嗜冷微生物多樣性評估的前衛研究有助於未來相關方面進一步的研究。Satopanth湖和Neel Tal湖為附近的居民、遊客、僧人、徒步旅人以及野生動物提供可消耗的水資源及其他休閒娛樂活動，而研究中所收集的數據資料也可以從而協助政府和政策制定相關人員擬定兩個冰川湖的保護與管理策略。

1. American Public Health Association,American Waste WaterAssociation,Water Pollution Control Federation(2005).Standard methods for the estimation of water and wastewater.Washington:
2. Cai, Q.,Ye, X.,Chen, B.,Zhang, B.(2017).Complete genome sequence of Exiguobacterium sp. Strain N4-1P, a psychrophilic bioemulsifier producer isolated from a cold marine environment in North Atlantic Canada.Genome Announcements,5(44),1248-1217.
3. Carneiro, A. R.,Ramos, R. T.,Dall’Agnol, H.,Pinto, A. C.,de Castro Soares, S.,Santos, A. R.(2012).Genome sequence of Exiguobacterium antarcticumB7, isolated from a biofilm in Ginger Lake, King George Island, Antarctica.Journal of Bacteriology,194,6689-6690.
4. Dong, H.,Zhang, G.,Jiang, H.,Yu, B.,Chapman, L. R.,Lucas, C. R.,Fields, M. W.(2006).Microbial diversity in sediments of saline Qinghai Lake, China: Linking geochemical controls to microbial ecology.Microbial Ecology,51(1),65-82.
5. Dorador, C.,Vila, I.,Witzel, K. P.,Imhoff, J. F.(2013).Bacterial and archaeal diversity in high altitude wetlands of the Chilean Altiplano.Fundamental and Applied Limnology,182(2),135-159.
6. Gupta, H. K.,Gupta, R. D.,Singh, A.,Chauhan, N. S.,Sharma, R.(2011).Genome sequence of Rheinheimera sp. Strain A13L, isolated from Pangong Lake, India.Journal of Bacteriology,193,5873-5874.
7. Haferburg, G.,Groning, J. A. D.,Schmidt, N.,Kummer, N. A.,Erquicia, J. C.,Schlomann, M.(2017).Microbial diversity of the hypersaline and lithium rich Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia.Microbiological Research,199,19-28.
8. Jiang, H.,Dong, H.,Zhang, G.,Yu, B.,Chapman, L. R.,Fields, M. W.(2006).Microbial diversity in water and sediment of Lake Chaka, an Athalassohaline lake in Northwestern China.Appl. Environ. Microbiol,72(6),3832-3845.
9. Kumar, A.(ed.)(2004).Ecology and Conservation of Lakes, Reservoir and Rivers.
10. Kumar, R.,Sharma, R. C.(2019).Assessment of the water quality of Glacier-fed lake Neel Tal of Garhwal Himalaya, India.Water Science,33(1),22-28.
11. Liu, K.,Liu, Y.,Jiao, N.,Xu, B.,Gu, Z.,Xing, T.,Xiong, J.(2017).Bacterial community composition and diversity in Kalakuli, an alpine glacial fed lake in Muztagh Ata of the Westernmost Tibetan Plateau.FEMS Microbiol. Ecol,93(7),1-85.
12. Liu, Y.,Priscu, J.C.,Xiong, J.,Conrad, R.,Majors, T.V.,Chu, H.,Hou, J.(2016).Salinity drives archaeal distribution patterns in high altitude lake sediments on the Tibetan Plateau.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,92(3),1-10.
13. Lokoska, L.(2005).Investigation of bacteria included in nitrogen cycle in the water of Lake Prespa and its tributaries.First Congress of European Microbiologists,Ljubljana, Slovenia:
14. Mihaiescu, R.,Pop, A. I.,Mihaiescu, T.,Oprea, M. G.,Tanaselia, C.,Ozunu, A.(2013).Physico-chemical properties of some glacial lakes in the Romanian Carpathian.Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences,8(4),5-11.
15. Morello, J. A.,Granato, P. A.,Mizer, H. E.(2002).Laboratory Manual and Workbook in Microbiology: Applications to patient care.New York:The McGraw-Hill.
16. Mtui, G. Y. S.,Nakamura, Y.(2006).Physico-chemical and microbiological water quality of Lake Sagara in Malagarasi wetlands.Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,1(2),174-180.
17. Oarga, A.(2009).Life in extreme environments.Revista De Biologia E Ciencias Da Terra,9(1),1-9.
18. Panova, A.,Dimkov, R.(2008).Depth distribution of freshwater microorganisms and physico-chemical characteristics in Iskar reservoir.Biotechnol. And Biotechnol. Eq.,22(1),560-565.
19. Perkins, J.,Hunter, C.(2000).Removal of enteric bacteria in a surface flow constructed wetland in Yorkshire, England.Water Research,34(6),1941-1947.
20. Peter, H.,Sommaruga, R.(2016).Shifts in diversity and function of lake bacterial communities upon glacier retreat.The ISME Journal,10,1545-1554.
21. Polkade, A. V.,Ramana, V. V.,Joshi, A.,Pardesi, L.,Shouche, Y. S.(2015).Rufibacterimmobilis sp. nov., isolated from a high altitude saline lake.International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,65(5),1592-1597.
22. Pu, Y.,Nace, T.,Meyers, P. A.,Zhang, H.,Wang, Y.,Zhang, C. I.,Shao, X.(2013).Paleoclimate changes of the last 1000 yr on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau recorded by elemental, isotopic and molecular organic matter proxies in sediment from glacial Lake Ximencuo.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,379/380,39-53.
23. Sahay, H.,Babu, B. K.,Singh, S.,Kaushik, R.,Saxena, A. K.,Arora, D. K.(2013).Cold-active hydrolases producing bacteria from two different sub-glacial Himalayan Lakes.Journal of Basic Microbiology,53,703-714.
24. Sharma, R. C.,Kumar, R.(2017).Water quality assessment of sacred glacial Lake Satopanth of Garhwal Himalaya, India.Applied Water Science,7,4757-4764.
25. W. W. F.(2005).,World Wide Fund for Nature.
26. Wilhelm, L.,Singer, G. A.,Fasching, C.,Battin, T. J.,Besemer, K.(2013).Microbial biodiversity in glacierfed streams.The ISME Journal,7,1651-1660.
27. Xing, P.,Hahn, M. W.,Wu, Q. L.(2009).Low taxon richness of Bacterioplankton in high altitude lakes of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau with a Predominance of Bacteroidetes and Synechococcusspp.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,75(22),7017-7025.
28. Yadav, A. N.,Sachan, S. G.,Verma, P.,Kaushik, R.,Saxena, A. K.(2016).Cold active hydrolytic enzymes production by psychrotrophic bacilli isolated from three sub-glacial lakes of NW Indian Himalayas.Journal of Basic Microbiology,56,294-307.