推移質泥沙的隨機起動規律研究

Random Characteristics of Threshold Motion for Uniform Sediment

10.6937/TWC.202303_71(1).0005

許曉陽(XIAO-YANG XU)；賀承明(CHENG-MING HE)；龔仁能(REN-NENG GONG)；李青芝(QING-ZHI LI)；張根廣(GEN-GUANG ZHANG)

推移質 ； 隨機理論 ； 起動概率 ； 起動切應力 ； 起動流速 ； bedload transport ； random theory ； incipient probability ； critical shear stress ； incipient motion velocity

台灣水利

71卷1期（2023 / 03 / 01）

51 - 66

繁體中文;英文

泥沙起動是河流泥沙動力學基本概念之一，對泥沙運動及河床沖淤變形研究有著重要意義。基於泥沙起動的隨機特性，採用二維床沙顆粒位置試驗，對隱蔽角和暴露角的分佈規律進行概率統計，表明二者服從相同的正態分佈。在顆粒位置試驗數據的基礎上，引入床沙有效暫態起動參數的概念，採用單顆粒泥沙起動模型，建立了反映顆粒隱蔽和暴露效應的床沙有效暫態無量綱起動切應力和起動流速公式。統計結果表明，床沙有效暫態無量綱起動切應力和起動流速均服從對數正態分佈；顆粒隱蔽效應顯著增大了二者的量值大小和離散程度，表明顆粒隱蔽效應增加了泥沙起動的難度和隨機性。在此基礎上，引入泥沙起動全概率的概念，構建了反映泥沙起動隨機特性的泥沙起動概率、起動切應力和起動流速公式。計算結果表明，泥沙起動臨界條件與泥沙起動標準存在一一對應關係，在實際應用中應依據泥沙起動標準的需要來選擇泥沙起動臨界條件。

Sediment incipient motion is one of the basic concepts of river sediment dynamics, which is of great significance to the study of sediment transport and bed deformation. Based on the stochastic characteristics of sediment initiation, a two-dimensional bed sand particle position test was used to perform probability statistics on the distribution laws of concealed and exposed angles, which showed that both obeyed the same normal distribution. Based on the experimental data of particle position, the concept of the effective instantaneous incipient parameter of bed material is introduced, and the formulas of effective instantaneous dimensionless incipient shear stress and incipient velocity of bed material, which reflect the hidden and exposed effects of particles, are established by using the single particle incipient model. The statistical results show that the effective instantaneous dimensionless incipient shear stress and incipient velocity of bed material obey the lognormal distribution. The particle concealment effect significantly increases the magnitude and dispersion degree of the two, indicating that the particle concealment effect increases the difficulty and randomness of sediment incipient motion. On this basis, the concept of total probability of sediment incipient motion is introduced, and the formulas of sediment incipient probability, incipient shear stress and incipient velocity, which reflect the random characteristics of sediment initiation, are constructed. The calculation results show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sediment incipient conditions and the sediment incipient criteria. In practical applications, sediment incipient conditions should be selected according to the needs of sediment incisive criteria.

1. Xu, X.Y.,Zhang, G.G.,Zhou, S.(2022).Power Law Function Model of Bed Load Transport Rate and its Application.Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Engineering,68(4),27-37.
   連結：
2. Xu, X.Y.,Zhang, G.G.,Zhou, S.(2021).Incipient Motion Velocity of Sediment Based on the Vertical Distribution Characteristics of Bed Sediment Position.Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Engineering,67(4),104-111.
   連結：
3. Xu, X.Y.,Zhang, G.G.,Zhou, S.(2022).Bed Load Transport Law Based On The Distribution Characteristics of Bed Sediment Position.Journal of the Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering,34(2),129-136.
   連結：
4. 王愉樂,張根廣,陳學彪(2019)。二維床面均勻沙雙向位置特性及起動概率研究。臺灣水利，67(2)，30-39。
   連結：
5. 周雙,張根廣(2020)。床面特性對泥沙運動的影響研究。臺灣水利，68(1)，44-51。
   連結：
6. 周雙,張根廣,王愉樂(2019)。床面粗糙度及水流作用力參數統一問題。臺灣水利，67(4)，16-22。
   連結：
7. 許曉陽,張根廣,王愉樂(2019)。基於全概率的斜坡上推移質輸沙率公式。臺灣水利，67(2)，75-82。
   連結：
8. Armanini, A.,Cavedon, V.,Righetti, M.(2015).A probabilistic/deterministic approach for the prediction of the sediment transport rate.Advances in Water Resources,81,10-18.
9. Armanini, A.,Gregoretti, C.(2005).Incipient sediment motion at high slopes in uniform flow condition.Water Resources Research,41,W12431.
10. Bagnold, R.A.(1973).The nature of saltation and bed load transport in water.Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,332,473-504.
11. Bose, S.K.,Dey, S.(2013).Sediment Entrainment Probability and Threshold of Sediment Suspension: Exponential-Based Approach.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Asce,139(10),1099-1106.
12. Buffington, J.M.(1999).The Legend of A. F. Shields.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,125(4),376-387.
13. Buffington, J.M.,Dietrich, W.E.,Kirchner, J.W.(1992).Friction angle measurements on a naturally formed gravel streambed: Implications for critical boundary shear stress.Water Resources Research,28(2),411-425.
14. Buffington, J.M.,Montgomery, D.R.(1999).Effects of sediment supply on surface textures of gravel-bed rivers.Water resources research,35,3523-3530.
15. Cecchetto, M.,Tregnaghi, M.,Bottacin-Busolin, A.(2017).Statistical Description on the Role of Turbulence and Grain Interference on Particle Entrainment from Gravel Beds.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,143(1),1-9.
16. Cheng, N.S.(2006).Influence of shear stress fluctuation on bed particle mobility.Physics of Fluids,18(9),096602.
17. Cheng, N.S.,Chiew, Y.M.(1998).Pickup Probability for Sediment Entrainment.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,124(2),232-235.
18. Cheng, N.S.,Law, W.K.(2012).Fluctuations of turbulent bed shear stress.Journal of Engineering Mechanics,129(1),126-130.
19. Cheng, N.S.,Lu, Y.,Wei, M.(2020).Simple Formulation of Bedload Sediment Transport Rate Based on Novel Definition of Pickup Probability.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,146(9),06020012.
20. Cheng, N.S.,Sumer, B.M.,Fredsøe, J.(2003).Investigation of bed shear stresses subject to external turbulence.International journal of heat and fluid flow,24(6),816-824.
21. Christopher, E.J.,Andrews, E.D.,John, P.(1998).In situ determination of particle friction angles of fluvial gravels.Water Resources Research,34(8),2017-2030.
22. Dey, S.,Ali, S.Z.(2017).Mechanics of sediment transport: Particle scale of entrainment to continuum scale of bedload flux.Journal of Engineering Mechanics,143(11),04017127.
23. Dey, S.,Papanicolaou, A.(2008).Sediment threshold under stream flow: A state-of-the-art review.KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,12(1),45-60.
24. Duan, J.G.,Scott, S.(2007).Selective bed-load transport in Las Vegas Wash, a gravel-bed stream.Journal of Hydrology,342(3-4),320-330.
25. Einstein, H.A., “Hydrodynamic forces on a rough wall,” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol.21:520-524, 1949.
26. Einstein, H.A.(1950).The bed-load function for sediment transportation in open channel flows.Washington D C:United States Dept of Agriculture.
27. Elhakeem, M.,Papanicolaou, A.N.T.,Tsakiris, A.G.(2017).A probabilistic model for sediment entrainment:The role of bed irregularity.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(2),137-148.
28. Engelund, F.,Fredsøe, J.(1976).A sediment transport model for straight alluvial channels.Hydrology Research,7(5),293-306.
29. Grass, A.J.(1970).Initial Instability of Fine Bed Sand.Journal of the Hydraulics Division,96(3),619-632.
30. Gregoretti, C.(2008).Inception Sediment Transport Relationships at High Slopes.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(11),1620-1629.
31. Guo, J.K.(2020).Empirical Model for Shields Diagram and Its Applications.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,146(6),04020038.
32. Kirchner, J.W.,Dietrich, W.E.,Iseya, F.(1990).The variability of critical shear stress, friction angle, and grain protrusion in water-worked sediments.Sedimentology,37(4),647-672.
33. Kramer, H., “Sand Mixtures and Sand Movement in Fluvial Model,” American society of civil engineers, Vol.100:798-838, 1935.
34. Li, J.D.,Sun, J.,Lin, B.L.(2018).Bed-load transport rate based on the entrainment probabilities of sediment grains by rolling and lifting.International Journal of Sediment Research,33(2),126-136.
35. Li, L.L.,Zhang, G.G.,Zhang, J.J.(2019).Formula of bed-load transport based on the total threshold probability.Environmental Fluid Mechanics,19(2),569-581.
36. Lopez, F.,Garcia, M.H.(2001).Risk of Sediment Erosion and Suspension in Turbulent Flows.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,127(3),231-235.
37. Luckner, T.,Zanke, U.(2007).An Analytical Solution for Calculating the Initiation of Sedment Motion.International Journal of Sediment Research,22(2),87-102.
38. Mcewan, I.,Heald, J.(2001).Discrete Particle Modeling of Entrainment from Flat Uniformly Sized Sediment Beds.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,129(7),588-597.
39. Mcewan, I.,Sorensen, M.,Heald, J.(2004).Probabilistic Modeling of Bed-Load Composition.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,130(2),129-139.
40. Meyer, P.E., MÜllre, R., 1948, “Formulas for Bed Load Transport,” Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the International Association for Hydraulic Structures Research. Stockholm: IAHR.
41. Mohamed, E.,Papanicolaou, A.N.T.,Achilleas, G.T.(2017).A probabilistic model for sediment entrainment: The role of bed irregularity.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(2),137-148.
42. Paintal, A.S.(1971).A stochastic model of bed load transport.Journal of Hydraulic Research,9(4),527-554.
43. Parker, G.(1978).Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed: Part 2. The gravel River.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,89(1),127-146.
44. Van, R.J.(1984).Sediment transport, Part I: bed load transport.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,110(10),1431-1456.
45. Wang, X.K.,Zheng, J.,Li, D.X.(2008).Modification of the Einstein Bed-Load Formula.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,134(9),1363-1369.
46. Wu, F.C.,Chou, Y.J.(2003).Rolling and Lifting Probabilities for Sediment Entrainment.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,129(2),110-119.
47. Wu, F.C.,Lin, Y.C.(2002).Pickup probability of sediment under log-normal velocity distribution.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,128(4),438-442.
48. Wu, F.C.,Yang, K.H.(2004).Entrainment Probabilities of Mixed-Size Sediment Incorporating Near-Bed Coherent Flow Structures.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,130(12),1187-1197.
49. 王興奎,陳稚聰,張仁(1992)。長江寸灘站卵石推移質的運動規律。水利學報，1992(4)，32-38。
50. 何文社,方鐸,楊具瑞(2002)。泥沙起動流速研究。水利學報，2002(10)，51-56。
51. 周雙(2021)。西北農林科技大學。
52. 周雙,張根廣,王愉樂(2020)。泥沙起動標準和起動參數的關係研究。泥沙研究，45(5)，7-12。
53. 周雙,張根廣,王新雷(2015)。均勻泥沙相對暴露度的實驗研究。泥沙研究，46(6)，40-45。
54. 周雙,張根廣,劉餘(2002)。基於床面泥沙位置特性的推移質輸移公式。應用基礎與工程科學學報，28(5)，1045-1056。
55. 孟震,陳槐,李丹勳(2015)。推移質平衡輸沙率公式研究。水利學報，45(9)，1080-1088。
56. 孫志林,謝鑒衡,段文忠(1997)。非均勻沙分級起動規律研究。水利學報，1997(10)，26-33。
57. 張根廣,王愉樂,梁博惠(2020)。二維床面均勻沙雙向位置特性的實驗研究。應用基礎與工程科學學報，28(2)，259-270。
58. 陳嬡兒,謝鑒衡(1988)。非均勻沙起動規律初探。武漢水利電力學院學報，1988(3)，28-37。
59. 楊文俊,孟震,湯潔(2019)。泥沙起動概率概念及其計算方法。泥沙研究，44(5)，1-8。
60. 楊奉廣,劉興年,黃爾(2009)。唐家山堰塞湖下游河床泥沙起動流速研究。四川大學學報（工程科學版），41(3)，84-89。
61. 褚君達(1993)。無粘性泥沙的起動條件。水科學進展，1993(1)，37-43。
62. 錢寧,萬兆惠(1983).泥沙運動力學.北京:科學出版社.
63. 韓其為(2021).推移質運動統計理論.北京:科學出版社.
64. 韓其為,何明民(1984).泥沙運動統計理論.北京:科學出版社.
65. 竇國仁(1999)。再論泥沙起動流速。泥沙研究，1999(6)，1-9。