應用於5G通訊Ka頻段之功率偵測電路

Ka-band Power Detectors for 5G Communication

10.6342/NTU201703907

陳瑀妮

低雜訊放大器 ； 迪克開關 ； 次諧波混頻器 ； 功率偵測電路 ； 可調增益低雜訊放大器 ； 5G通訊 ； low noise amplifier ； Dicke switch ； subharmonic mixer ； 5G communication ； power detector ； variable-gain low noise amplifier

臺灣大學電子工程學研究所學位論文

2017年

碩士

盧信嘉

繁體中文

本論文主要研究5G頻段功率偵測系統相關電路，操作頻率為Ka頻段，用於提升偵測能力並確認發射端系統的特性。本論文首先回顧各功率偵測相關電路文獻，接著介紹其運作原理，包含偵測器、低雜訊放大器及混頻器，簡介不同設計目的之功能及架構。接著介紹不同類型的低雜訊放大器設計方法，包含共源放大器、連續及分段式可變增益低雜訊放大器，最後是次諧波降頻混頻器。 本論文首先提出一固定增益值之共源低雜訊放大器，利用源極電感及疊接放大器方法達到高增益及低雜訊目標，量測結果可達到13.5 dB的增益，最後更結合自混式整流器及運算放大器形成一完整偵測器，可偵測之最小功率可達-38 dBm，輸出直流電壓範圍為125 mV至720 mV，直流功耗為31.5 mW。為了提升偵測區間，本研究設計一連續可變增益之低雜訊放大器，透過增益的改變可以增加偵測器的偵測動態區間，放大率由小到大能偵測由大至小的輸入功率，此放大器特點為功耗極低，約為9 mW。第二版電路為了能精確地由輸出偵測電壓推回輸入訊號功率大小，提出一個三段式可調的低雜訊放大器，使用電流回授技術降低雜訊及提升增益，亦結合迪克誤差消除電路，透過開關的切換平均並消除此隨機雜訊，達到19 dB的增益同時雜訊指數6.3 dB(含開關)。此外，為了降低射頻訊號偵測難度及增加動態區間，本論文亦提出一次諧波降頻混頻器，透過射頻端的變壓器技術達到與本地端隔離度接近60 dB、輸入1 dB截止點為-3 dBm。 本論文採用Advanced Design System(ADS)軟體進行電路模擬，被動走線及其他元件之電磁響應模擬則使用Sonnet軟體。而本文所提之四個主要電路分別是台積電之180 nm之低雜訊放大器，晶片面積為525 μm x 645 μm、90 nm CMOS製程之第一版連續可變增益放大器面積為320 μm x 680 μm、第二版數位可變增益放大器395 μm x 515 μm以及次諧波降頻混頻器660 μm x 580 μm。晶片量測與模擬結果大致吻合，結果討論及模擬修正將於第四章節中探討。

This thesis studies power detectors, which operate in Ka-band for 5G communication and are proposed to enhance detection capability and verify the property of transmitter systems. First, this thesis reviews the architectures of different types of circuits related to power detectors, including detectors, low noise amplifiers and mixers. In addition, this study analyzes the operation principles as well as briefly introduces the functions and applications of the circuit design. Second, the thesis introduces different types of design methods of the common-source amplifier, the continuous variable gain amplifier, the digitally-controlled variable gain amplifier and the subharmonic down-convert mixer. This thesis first proposes a fixed gain common-source amplifier. With source degeneration techniques and cascade structure, it achieves high gain of 13.5 dB and low noise. Moreover, it is also integrated with a self-mixing rectifier and an operational amplifier to form a detector with minimum detectable power of -38 dBm. Its DC voltage output range is from 125 mV to 720 mV and power consumption is 31.5 mW. In order to increase its detectable range, we also redesigned a continuous variable gain amplifier. With the increase of gain, smaller power is detectable, and the amplifier consumes only 9 mW power. The second version of VGLNA introduces a digitally-controlled three state variable gain amplifier and applies current-reused technique to reduce noise as well as to enhance gain. Besides, a Dicke switch is also integrated to average and cancel out the flicker noise of transistors, and the design achieves 19 dB gain with noise figure at only 6.3 dB (with switch). On the other hand, to simplify detection and increase dynamic range, this study also proposes a subharmonic down-convert mixer, which realizes 2LO to RF isolation of nearly 60 dB and IP1dB at -3 dBm with transformer. In this thesis, the proposed circuits were designed by using ADS and Sonnet for the circuit and EM simulation. The four circuits were: an LNA implemented by TSMC 180 nm CMOS, a continuous VGLNA, a digitally-controlled VGLNA and a subharmonic mixer in CMOS technology 90 nm. The measurement results almost fit the simulation and discussions are given in Chapter 4.

1. [1]Daekeun Yoon, Kiryong Song, Jungsoo Kim and Jae-Sung Rieh, "Si-based sub-THz heterodyne imaging circuits," Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Sendai, Japan, pp. 1136-1138, November 2014.
   連結：
2. [2]C. W. Byeon and C. S. Park, "Design and analysis of the millimeter-wave SPDT switch for TDD applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 2858-2864, August 2013.
   連結：
3. [3]L. Gilreath, V. Jain, H. C. Yao, L. Zheng and P. Heydari, "A 94-GHz passive imaging receiver using a balanced LNA with embedded Dicke switch," IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Anaheim, CA, pp. 79-82, June 2010.
   連結：
4. [5]Han-Chih Yeh, Sofiane Aloui, Chau-Ching Chiong and Huei Wang, "A wide gain control range V-band CMOS variable-gain amplifier with built-in linearizer," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 902-913, February 2013.
   連結：
5. [6]R. L. Schmid and J. D. Cressler, "A digitally-controlled seven-state X-band SiGe variable gain low noise amplifier," IEEE Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), Coronado, CA, pp. 187-190, September 2014.
   連結：
6. [7]S. Kim, H.-C. Kim, D.-H. Kim, S. Jeon, M. Kim, and J.-S. Rieh, "58-72 GHz CMOS wideband variable gain low-noise amplifier," Electronics Letters, vol. 47, no. 16, pp. 904-906, August 2011.
   連結：
7. [8]Yi-Keng Hsieh, Jing-Lin Kuo, Huei Wang and Liang-Hung Lu, "A 60 GHz broadband low-noise amplifier with variable-gain control in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, pp. 610-612, November 2011.
   連結：
8. [9]Jeng-Han Tsai and Tian-Wei Huang, "35-65-GHz CMOS broadband modulator and demodulator with sub-harmonic pumping for MMW wireless gigabit applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2075-2085, October 2007.
   連結：
9. [10]Hsin-Chih Kuo, Han-Lin Yue, Ya-Wen Ou, Chien-Chih Lin and Huey-Ru Chuang, "A 60-GHz CMOS sub-harmonic RF receiver with integrated on-chip artificial-magnetic-conductor Yagi antenna and balun bandpass filter for very-short-range gigabit communications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1681-1691, April 2013.
   連結：
10. [11]Shu-Hui Yen and Yo-Sheng Lin, “Ka-band low noise amplifier using standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology,” Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 16, pp.919–920, August 2006.
    連結：
11. [12]Jhe-Jia. Kuo, Chun-Hsien Lien, Zuo-Min Tsai, Kun-You Lin, Klaus Schmalz, J. Christoph Scheytt, Huei Wang, "Design and analysis of down-conversion gate/base-pumped harmonic mixers using novel reduced-size 180∘ hybrid with different input frequencies," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2473-2485, August 2012.
    連結：
12. [15]Hsieh-Hung Hsieh and Liang-Hung Lu, "A 40-GHz low-noise amplifier with a positive-feedback network in 0.18-μm CMOS," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1895-1902, August 2009.
    連結：
13. [16]Gholamreza Nikandish, Alireza Yousefi and Milad Kalantari, "A broadband multistage LNA with bandwidth and linearity enhancement," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 834-836, October 2016.
    連結：
14. [18]M. El-Nozahi, E. Sanchez-Sinencio, and K. Entesari, "A millimeter-wave (23–32 GHz) wideband BiCMOS low-noise amplifier," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 289–299, February 2010.
    連結：
15. [20]Jae Jin Lee, Dong Yun Jung, Ki Chan Eun, Seong Jun Cho, and Chul Soon Park, "A 60 GHz low power CMOS demodulator for multi-gigabit wireless receiver systems," in 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 1-4, December 2007.
    連結：
16. [21]Erik Ojefors, Ullrich R. Pfeiffer, Alvydas Lisauskas, and Hartmut G. Roskos, "A 0.65 THz focal-plane array in a quarter-micron CMOS process technology," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no.7, pp. 1968-1976, July 2009.
    連結：
17. [25]Y. Kim and Y. Kwon, "A 60 GHz cascode variable-gain low-noise amplifier with phase compensation in a 0.13 µm CMOS technology," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 372-374, July 2012.
    連結：
18. [26]C.-Y. Hsieh, J.-C. Kao, J.-J. Kuo, and K.-Y. Lin, "A 5764 GHz low-phase-variation variable-gain amplifier," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, June 2012.
    連結：
19. [27]D.-S. Siao, J.-C. Kao, and H. Wang, "A 60 GHz low phase variation variable gain amplifier in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 457-459, July 2014.
    連結：
20. [29]Han-Chih Yeh, Ze-Yu Liao and Huei Wang, "Analysis and design of millimeter-wave low-power CMOS LNA with transformer-multicascode topology," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3441–3454, December 2011.
    連結：
21. [30]X. Yang, Y. Uchida, L. Qing, and T. Yoshimasu, "Low-power ultrawideband power detector IC in 130 nm CMOS technology," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Workshop, pp.1–4, June 2012.
    連結：
22. [31]Ayssar Serhan, Estelle Lauga-Larroze, and Jean-Michel Fournier, "Common-base/common-gate millimeter-wave power detectors, " IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 4483–4491, December 2015.
    連結：
23. [32]Y. Zhou and M. Y. -W. Chia, "A low-power ultra-wideband CMOS true RMS power detector," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1052–1058, August 2008.
    連結：
24. [33]Sandeep Kshattry, Wooyeol Choi, Chikuang Yu, and Kenneth K. O, "Compact diode connected MOSFET detector for on-chip millimeter-wave voltage measurements," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.23, no.9, pp. 498–500, January 2013.
    連結：
25. [34]C. Lee, W. Choi, R. Han, H. Shichijo, and K. K. O, "Broadband rootmean-square detector in CMOS for on-chip measurements of millimeterwave voltages," IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 752–754, June 2012.
    連結：
26. [35]R. Kodkani and L. Larson, "A 24-GHz CMOS passive subharmonic mixer/downconverter for zero-IF applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1247-1256, May 2008.
    連結：
27. [36]M. Bashir and A. Bhardwaj, "A current driven wideband low noise 2x subharmonic mixer in 0.18-µm CMOS technology," IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, pp. 1-5, March 2015.
    連結：
28. [38]H.-J. Wei, C.-C. Meng, T.-W. Wang, T.-L. Lo, and C.-L. Wang, "60-GHz dual-conversion down-/up-converters using Schottky diode in mm foundry CMOS technology, " IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1684–1698, June 2012
    連結：
29. [39]O. Habibpour, J. Vukusic and J. Stake, "A 30-GHz integrated subharmonic mixer based on a multichannel graphene FET," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 841-847, February 2013.
    連結：
30. [1]Daekeun Yoon, Kiryong Song, Jungsoo Kim and Jae-Sung Rieh, "Si-based sub-THz heterodyne imaging circuits," Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Sendai, Japan, pp. 1136-1138, November 2014.
    連結：
31. [2]C. W. Byeon and C. S. Park, "Design and analysis of the millimeter-wave SPDT switch for TDD applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 2858-2864, August 2013.
    連結：
32. [3]L. Gilreath, V. Jain, H. C. Yao, L. Zheng and P. Heydari, "A 94-GHz passive imaging receiver using a balanced LNA with embedded Dicke switch," IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Anaheim, CA, pp. 79-82, June 2010.
    連結：
33. [5]Han-Chih Yeh, Sofiane Aloui, Chau-Ching Chiong and Huei Wang, "A wide gain control range V-band CMOS variable-gain amplifier with built-in linearizer," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 902-913, February 2013.
    連結：
34. [6]R. L. Schmid and J. D. Cressler, "A digitally-controlled seven-state X-band SiGe variable gain low noise amplifier," IEEE Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), Coronado, CA, pp. 187-190, September 2014.
    連結：
35. [7]S. Kim, H.-C. Kim, D.-H. Kim, S. Jeon, M. Kim, and J.-S. Rieh, "58-72 GHz CMOS wideband variable gain low-noise amplifier," Electronics Letters, vol. 47, no. 16, pp. 904-906, August 2011.
    連結：
36. [8]Yi-Keng Hsieh, Jing-Lin Kuo, Huei Wang and Liang-Hung Lu, "A 60 GHz broadband low-noise amplifier with variable-gain control in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, pp. 610-612, November 2011.
    連結：
37. [9]Jeng-Han Tsai and Tian-Wei Huang, "35-65-GHz CMOS broadband modulator and demodulator with sub-harmonic pumping for MMW wireless gigabit applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2075-2085, October 2007.
    連結：
38. [10]Hsin-Chih Kuo, Han-Lin Yue, Ya-Wen Ou, Chien-Chih Lin and Huey-Ru Chuang, "A 60-GHz CMOS sub-harmonic RF receiver with integrated on-chip artificial-magnetic-conductor Yagi antenna and balun bandpass filter for very-short-range gigabit communications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1681-1691, April 2013.
    連結：
39. [11]Shu-Hui Yen and Yo-Sheng Lin, “Ka-band low noise amplifier using standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology,” Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 16, pp.919–920, August 2006.
    連結：
40. [12]Jhe-Jia. Kuo, Chun-Hsien Lien, Zuo-Min Tsai, Kun-You Lin, Klaus Schmalz, J. Christoph Scheytt, Huei Wang, "Design and analysis of down-conversion gate/base-pumped harmonic mixers using novel reduced-size 180∘ hybrid with different input frequencies," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2473-2485, August 2012.
    連結：
41. [15]Hsieh-Hung Hsieh and Liang-Hung Lu, "A 40-GHz low-noise amplifier with a positive-feedback network in 0.18-μm CMOS," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1895-1902, August 2009.
    連結：
42. [16]Gholamreza Nikandish, Alireza Yousefi and Milad Kalantari, "A broadband multistage LNA with bandwidth and linearity enhancement," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 834-836, October 2016.
    連結：
43. [18]M. El-Nozahi, E. Sanchez-Sinencio, and K. Entesari, "A millimeter-wave (23–32 GHz) wideband BiCMOS low-noise amplifier," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 289–299, February 2010.
    連結：
44. [20]Jae Jin Lee, Dong Yun Jung, Ki Chan Eun, Seong Jun Cho, and Chul Soon Park, "A 60 GHz low power CMOS demodulator for multi-gigabit wireless receiver systems," in 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 1-4, December 2007.
    連結：
45. [21]Erik Ojefors, Ullrich R. Pfeiffer, Alvydas Lisauskas, and Hartmut G. Roskos, "A 0.65 THz focal-plane array in a quarter-micron CMOS process technology," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no.7, pp. 1968-1976, July 2009.
    連結：
46. [25]Y. Kim and Y. Kwon, "A 60 GHz cascode variable-gain low-noise amplifier with phase compensation in a 0.13 µm CMOS technology," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 372-374, July 2012.
    連結：
47. [26]C.-Y. Hsieh, J.-C. Kao, J.-J. Kuo, and K.-Y. Lin, "A 5764 GHz low-phase-variation variable-gain amplifier," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, June 2012.
    連結：
48. [27]D.-S. Siao, J.-C. Kao, and H. Wang, "A 60 GHz low phase variation variable gain amplifier in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 457-459, July 2014.
    連結：
49. [29]Han-Chih Yeh, Ze-Yu Liao and Huei Wang, "Analysis and design of millimeter-wave low-power CMOS LNA with transformer-multicascode topology," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3441–3454, December 2011.
    連結：
50. [30]X. Yang, Y. Uchida, L. Qing, and T. Yoshimasu, "Low-power ultrawideband power detector IC in 130 nm CMOS technology," in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Workshop, pp.1–4, June 2012.
    連結：
51. [31]Ayssar Serhan, Estelle Lauga-Larroze, and Jean-Michel Fournier, "Common-base/common-gate millimeter-wave power detectors, " IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 4483–4491, December 2015.
    連結：
52. [32]Y. Zhou and M. Y. -W. Chia, "A low-power ultra-wideband CMOS true RMS power detector," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1052–1058, August 2008.
    連結：
53. [33]Sandeep Kshattry, Wooyeol Choi, Chikuang Yu, and Kenneth K. O, "Compact diode connected MOSFET detector for on-chip millimeter-wave voltage measurements," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.23, no.9, pp. 498–500, January 2013.
    連結：
54. [34]C. Lee, W. Choi, R. Han, H. Shichijo, and K. K. O, "Broadband rootmean-square detector in CMOS for on-chip measurements of millimeterwave voltages," IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 752–754, June 2012.
    連結：
55. [35]R. Kodkani and L. Larson, "A 24-GHz CMOS passive subharmonic mixer/downconverter for zero-IF applications," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1247-1256, May 2008.
    連結：
56. [36]M. Bashir and A. Bhardwaj, "A current driven wideband low noise 2x subharmonic mixer in 0.18-µm CMOS technology," IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, pp. 1-5, March 2015.
    連結：
57. [38]H.-J. Wei, C.-C. Meng, T.-W. Wang, T.-L. Lo, and C.-L. Wang, "60-GHz dual-conversion down-/up-converters using Schottky diode in mm foundry CMOS technology, " IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1684–1698, June 2012
    連結：
58. [39]O. Habibpour, J. Vukusic and J. Stake, "A 30-GHz integrated subharmonic mixer based on a multichannel graphene FET," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 841-847, February 2013.
    連結：
59. [4]Qun Jane Gu, Zhiwei Xu, Adrian Tang and Mau-Chung Frank Chang, "A D-Band passive imager in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no.5, pp. 263-265, May 2012.
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62. [17]Masaru Sato, Youichi Kamada, Shirou Ozaki, Tom Ohki, Kozo Makiyama, Naoya Okamoto and Kazukiyo Joshin, "Q-Band InAlGaN/GaN LNA using current reuse topology," in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), San Francisco, CA, pp. 1-4., 2016.
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64. [22]Richard Al Hadi, Hani Sherry, Janusz Grzyb, Yan Zhao, Wolfgang Forster, Hans M. Keller, Andreia Cathelin, Andreas Kaiser, and Ullrich R. Pfeiffer, "A 1 k-pixel video camera for 0.7-1.1 Terahertz imaging applications in 65-nm CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no.12, pp. 2999-3012, December 2012.
65. [23]Kai Kang, Fujiang Lin, Duy-Dong Pham, James Brinkhoff, Chun-Huat Heng, Yong-Xin Guo, and Xiaojun Yuan, "A 60-GHz OOK receiver with an on-chip antenna in 90 nm CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no.9, pp. 1720-1731, September 2010.
66. [24]Kangyang Xu, Xin Yang, Wei Wang, and Toshihiko Yoshimasu, "44-GHz, 0.5-V compact power detector IC in 65-nm CMOS," IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS), pp. 1-3, March 2014.
67. [28]Lei Zhou, Danyu Wu, Jin Wu, Zhi Jin and Xinyu Liu, "Design of a 10GHz Bandwidth Variable Gain Amplifier using a GaAs HBT Technology," in International Workshop on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and System Technology (MMWCST), Chengdu, April 2012, pp. 1–4.
68. [37]Dristy Parveg, Mikko Varonen, Pekka Kangaslahti, Amirreza Safaripour, Ali Hajimiri, Tero Tikka, Todd Gaier and Kari A. I. Halonen, "CMOS I/Q Subharmonic Mixer for Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Remote Sensing," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 285-287, April 2016.
69. [40]http://www.y1pwe.co.uk/RAProgs/Radiometer%20Detection%20Analysis.doc
70. [4]Qun Jane Gu, Zhiwei Xu, Adrian Tang and Mau-Chung Frank Chang, "A D-Band passive imager in 65 nm CMOS," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no.5, pp. 263-265, May 2012.
71. [13]http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/new/papers/militaryHandbook/rcvr_sen.pdf
72. [14]K. Xu, X. Yang, W. Wang and T. Yoshimasu, "44-GHz, 0.5-V compact power detector IC in 65-nm CMOS," Wireless Symposium (IWS), IEEE International, X'ian, pp. 1-3, March 2014.
73. [17]Masaru Sato, Youichi Kamada, Shirou Ozaki, Tom Ohki, Kozo Makiyama, Naoya Okamoto and Kazukiyo Joshin, "Q-Band InAlGaN/GaN LNA using current reuse topology," in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), San Francisco, CA, pp. 1-4., 2016.
74. [19]Yun-Hsuan Yeh, "Phase shifters and power detectors for 5G communication, " Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering Master Thesis, National Taiwan University, July 2016.
75. [22]Richard Al Hadi, Hani Sherry, Janusz Grzyb, Yan Zhao, Wolfgang Forster, Hans M. Keller, Andreia Cathelin, Andreas Kaiser, and Ullrich R. Pfeiffer, "A 1 k-pixel video camera for 0.7-1.1 Terahertz imaging applications in 65-nm CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no.12, pp. 2999-3012, December 2012.
76. [23]Kai Kang, Fujiang Lin, Duy-Dong Pham, James Brinkhoff, Chun-Huat Heng, Yong-Xin Guo, and Xiaojun Yuan, "A 60-GHz OOK receiver with an on-chip antenna in 90 nm CMOS," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no.9, pp. 1720-1731, September 2010.
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