英文摘要
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Abstract
Nowadays, Electronic E-business becomes prevalent and technology improves every day. Thanks to the prosperity of media and Internet platform, international interactions tend to frequency, information circulates without geographical restrictions, and trademarks could also be known all over the world. In the trademark owners’ long-term efforts to invest and advertise the trademark, it changes into a symbol of enterprise's brand image and is worth a high degree of value rather than just a pattern to identify and distinguish different goods or services. Through the owner’s efforts, the trademark ultimately becomes ‘well-known mark’ or ‘famous mark’. Although establishing well-known marks can bring high economic benefits for trademark owners, they are more likely to be misused or free-rode by other competitors in the meanwhile than general trademarks, resulting in the simultaneous costs of trademark owners and consumers. Thus, it is necessary that the law protect trademark owners’ endeavor and maintain the fair market order.
Since Paris Convention gave special protection to well-known trademarks, the issue concerning well-known trademark has been attracted much attention and sparks heated discussions in the world. Today, not only follow-up international conventions, like TRIPS or Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks but also the Trademark Act of every country include more specific or special provisions for well-known trademarks. By studying the meaning of relevant provisions, we could find that confusion doctrine and trademark dilution are the two major protection principles in trademark law. The two theory give protections for well-known trademarks from two sides of registration and infringement. Overall, the trend in protection becomes broader.
However, the special protection for well-known trademarks itself also hurts the market mechanism of free competition. As a result, there must have protection limits to seek a balance of interests of all parties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the protection limits of well-known trademarks in Trademark Law. The content is roughly divided into two aspects for discussion. First of all, this paper begins with studying the interpretation of trademark provisions and clarifying the application among those in force from a practical perspective. Then from another aspect, it will compare the legal systems of Trademark Law of the United States, European Union, Germany and China with that of Taiwan. Through the study of comparative law, the article would present learning experience, expecting to offer some suggestions for future amendments and practical application of Taiwan’s Trademark Law.
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参考文献
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15. Schechter, F. I. (1927). The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection. Harv. L. Rev., Vol. 40, No. 6, 813.
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一、中文
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1.汪渡村(2012)。《商標法論》,三版一刷,台北:五南。
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2.陳昭華(2013)。《商標法之理論與實務》,台北:元照。
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3.陳文吟(2012)。《商標法論》,四版,台北:三民。
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4.曾陳明汝、蔡明誠(續)(2007)。《商標法原理》,三版,台北:新學林。
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5.劉孔中(1997)。《商標法上混淆之虞之研究》,台北:五南。
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6.劉孔中(2002)。《著名標章及相關表徵保護之研究》,台北:聯經。
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7.劉孔中(2014)。《比較商標法》,台北:新學林。
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8.廖義男(2015)。《公平交易法之釋論與實務(第二冊)》,台北:元照。
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10.公平交易委員會(104)。《認識公平交易法》,增訂16版,台北:公平交易委員會。
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11. G.H.C. Bodenhausen(著),陳文吟(編譯)(2000)。《巴黎公約解讀》,台北:經濟部智慧財產局。
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(二)論文集之專章
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1.王敏銓(2007)。〈從維多莉亞秘密案看美國聯邦商標淡化法〉,收於:焦興鎧(編),《美國最高法院重要判決之研究:2002-2003》。台北:中研院歐美所。
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2.陳昭華(2004)。〈著名商標之保護與公平競爭之關係-新修正商標法著名商標保護規定之檢討〉,《商標法制發展學術研討會論文》。台北:中華經濟研究院(主辦)。
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3.蔡明誠(2015)。〈著名商標之意義及其商標法上保護界限〉,收於:司法院行政訴訟及懲戒廳(編),《智慧財產訴訟制度相關論文彙編第4輯》。台北:司法院。
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5.劉孔中、薛景文(2013)。〈仿冒表徵及欺罔或顯失公平行為之執法檢討與展望〉,《公平交易法施行20週年回顧與前瞻學術研討會論文集》。台北:公平交易委員會。
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8.謝銘洋(1997)。〈德國商標制度之重大變革〉,收於氏著:《智慧財產權基本問題研究》。台北:翰蘆。
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(三)期刊論文
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1.王美花、張瓊慧(2005)。〈論商標之淡化〉,《智慧財產權月刊》,84期。
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2.王敏銓(2005)。〈美國商標法救濟措施之研究〉,《智慧財產權月刊》,83期。
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3.余信達(2013)。〈兩岸著名商標與馳名商標制度之交互適用研究(上)〉,《全國律師》,17卷6期。
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4.余信達(2013)。〈兩岸著名商標與馳名商標制度之交互適用研究(下)〉,《全國律師》,17卷7期。
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5.呂昊(2006)。〈馳名商標認定制度的完善〉,《中華商標》,6期。
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6.洪淑敏(2006)。〈兩岸商標制度之比較〉,《智慧財產權月刊》,96期。
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7.徐聰穎(2007)。〈著名商標的法律保護〉,《中華商標》,9期。
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8.陳昭華(2009)。〈減損著名商標之識別性或信譽〉,《月旦法學教室》,77期。
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9.陳昭華(2014)。〈侵害著名商標之混淆誤認之虞與減損識別性或信譽之虞的關係──智慧財產法院一○一年度民商上字第一一號民事判決〉,《月旦裁判時報》,26期。
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10.陳怡珍(2004)。〈論公平交易法第二十條對商品或服務表徵之保護〉,《公平交易季刊》,12卷4期。
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11.許忠信(2010)。〈論著名商標之沖淡行為與作商標使用行為之區別--九十四年智上易字第五號判決評析〉,《月旦裁判時報》,4期。
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13.黃銘傑(2001)。〈商號之登記、使用與著名標章之保護商號法制、商標法及公平交易法的三不管地帶?〉,《中原財經法學》,6期。
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15.馮曉青(2011)。〈註冊馳名商標需要擴大保護,但亦存在「度」的限制─「杏花村」商標註冊行政糾紛案解析〉,《中國法律》,2期。
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16.馮曉青(2012)。〈未註冊馳名商標保護及其制度完善〉,《法學家》,4期。
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17.張春艷(2008),〈未註冊馳名商標的司法認定與法律保護〉,《太平洋學報》,8期。
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19.鍾菊英(2011)。〈論我國對馳名商標的法律保護〉,《社會與法》,302期。
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20.劉孔中(2000)。〈論我國著名標章之保護〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,63期。
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21.劉孔中(2000)。〈論著名標章之保護-國際暨外國篇〉,《智慧財產權》,13期。
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(四)學位論文
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1.許慈真(2004)。《淡化理論在不正競爭法上之適用-以美國法為中心》,私立天主教輔仁大學財經法律學研究所碩士論文。
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2.林則言(2005)。《論著名商標之保護─以美國聯邦商標淡化法為主》,國立中正大學財經法律學研究所碩士論文。
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3.王如祥(2007)。《商標淡化理論的法制與應用─以美國、歐盟為中心》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
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4.陳麗青(2008)。《論著名表徵保護之規範─我國商標法與公平交易法之競合問題》,私立東海大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
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5.趙國璇(2008)。《中國大陸馳名商標之保護》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
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6.吳光禾(2012)。《我國商標淡化之實踐與評析-兼論中國大陸反淡化法制》,私立中國文化大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
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7.吳慶龍(2013)。《論馳名商標之認定及其法律保護》,中國南昌大學碩士論文。
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(五)網路資源
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1.吳必然律師(譯)、德國馬普研究所東亞與日本所主任Mr. Christopher Heath講座(1999)。載於「著名商標的保護與商標仿冒的防止」專題講座http://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=602&docid=1375(最後瀏覽日:2016/6/30)。
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2.鄧振球(2014)。《試論著名商標之國際保護(一)》,載於TIPA智慧財產培訓學院網站https://www.tipa.org.tw/p3_1-1.asp?nno=217 (最後瀏覽日:11/25/2015)。
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3.鄧振球(2014)。《試論著名商標之國際保護(二)》,載於TIPA智慧財產培訓學院https://www.tipa.org.tw/p3_1-1.asp?nno=219(最後瀏覽日:11/25/2015)。
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4.鄧振球(2014)。《試論著名商標之國際保護(三)》,載於TIPA智慧財產培訓學院網站https://www.tipa.org.tw/p3-1.asp?typeFlag=1&skipPage=2 (最後瀏覽日:11/25/2015)。
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5.孫海龍、姚建軍(2008)。《馳名商標的跨類保護範圍及損害賠償的合理界定》,載於中國知識產權報,http://chainasiaip.com/index.php?do=lib&tpid=6&id=1257 (最後瀏覽日:5/5/2016)。
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6.智慧財產權培訓學院99年度第6次智慧財產實務案例評析座談會議紀錄(主題:著名商標之認定與保護),https://www.tipa.org.tw/p3_1-3.asp?nno=14。
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8.司法院法學資料檢索系統 http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/Index.htm (最後瀏覽日:10/11/2016)。
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9.公平交易委員會http://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/index.aspx (最後瀏覽日:10/11/2016)。
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10.經濟部智慧財產局https://www.tipo.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1(最後瀏覽日:10/11/2016)。
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二、英文
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(一)書籍
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3. Calboli, I. & Lee, E. (2014). Protection of well-known marks: a transnational perspective, Trademark protection and territoriality challenges in a global economy. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar.
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4. Fhima, I. S. (2011). Trade mark dilution in Europe and the United States. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.
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5. Gielen, C. & Bomhard, V. v. (editors) ( 2011). Concise European trade mark and design law. lphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law Internationa.
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6. Ginsburg, J. C. & Litman, J. & Kevlin, M. (2013). Trademark and unfair competition law : cases and materials, (5th ed.). New Providence, NJ : LexisNexis.
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7. Hilliard, D. C. & Welch, J. N., II. & Widmaier, U. (2010). Trademarks and unfair competition, (8th ed.). New Providence, NJ : LexisNexis.
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8. Halpern, S. W. & Seymore, S. B. & Port, K. L. (2012). Fundamentals of United States intellectual property law : copyright, patent, trademark, (4th ed.). Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International.
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9. Hasselblatt, G. N. (editor) (2015). Community trade mark regulation (EC) no 207/2009 : a commentary. München, Germany : C.H. Beck ; Oxford, United Kingdom : Hart ; Baden-Baden, Germany : Nomos.
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10. Janis, M. D. (2013). Trademark and unfair competition law in a nutshell, St. Paul, MN : West.
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11. Kitchin, D. & Llewelyn, D. & Mellor, J. & Meade, R. & Moody-Stuart, T. & Keeling, D. (2005). Kerly's law of trade marks and trade names, (14thed.). London : Sweet & Maxwell.
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13. LaFrance, M. (2009). Understanding trademark law, (2nd ed.). New Providence, NJ : LexisNexis.
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14. Lange, P. (editor) (2010), International trade mark and signs protection. München : C.H. Beck ; Oxford : Hart.
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15. Maggs, P. B. & Schechter, R. E. (2002), Trademark and unfair competition law: cases and comments, (6th ed.). St. Paul, MN : West Group.
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17. Miller, A. R. & Davis, M. H. (2012). Intellectual property : patents, trademarks, and copyright in a nutshell, (5th ed.). St. Paul, MN : Thomson/West.
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18. Schechter, R. E. (1993). Unfair Trade Practices and Intellectual Property (2rd ed.). St. Paul, MN : West Group.
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19. Smith, L. S. & Gibbons, L. J.D (2013). Mastering trademark and unfair competition law. Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press.
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(二)期刊論文
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1. Bird, R. C. & Brown, E. (2012). The Protection of Well-Known Foreign Marks in the United States: Potential Global Responses to Domestic Ambivalence, 38 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 1.
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2. Chopnick, S. B. (2008). Search Costs and Famous Foreign Marks: Should Congress Reduce the Search Costs of the Global Consumer and Protect Famous Foreign Marks?, Seton Hall Cir. Rev. Vol. 5, 213.
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3. Cook, A. (2009). Do As WE SAY, NOT As WE Do: A study of the well-known marks doctrine in the United States, 8 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 412.
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4. Dinwoodie, G. B. (2004). Trademarks and Territory: Detaching Trademark Law from the Nation-State, 41 Houston L. Rev. 885.
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6. Fhima, I. S. (2006). The Actual Dilution Requirement of the United States, United Kingdom and European Union: A Comparative Analysis, Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law, Vol. 12, 271.
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8. Faris, J. (2009). The Famous Marks Exception to the Territoriality Principle in American Trademark Law, 59 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 451.
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9. Grinberg, M. (2005). The WIPO Joint Recommendation Protecting Well-Known Marks and the Forgotten Goodwill, Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property, Vol. 5, 1.
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10. Jackson, B. W. (2009). Notorious: The Treatment of Famous Trademarks in America and How Protection Can Be Ensured, 3 J. Bus. Entrepreneurship & L. 61.
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11. Klimkeviciute, D. (2010). The Legal Protection of Well-Known Trademarks and Trademarks with a Reputation: the Trends of the Legal Regulation in the EU Member States, Socialinių mokslų studijos: mokslo darbai, Vol. 7(3), 229.
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12. Leaffer, M. A. (1998). The New World of International Trademark Law, 2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.1.
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13. Luepke, M. H. H. (2008). Taking Unfair Advantage or Diluting a Famous Mark—A 20/20 Perspective on the Blurred Differences Between U.S. and E.U. Dilution Law, 98 Trademark Rep.789.
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14. Mostert, F. W. (1996). Well-Known and Famous Marks: Is Harmony Possible in the Global Village?. 86 Trademark Rep.103.
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16. Senftleben, M. (2009). The Trademark Tower of Babel–Dilution Concepts in International, US and EC Trademark Law. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Vol. 40, No. 1, 45.
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17. Weisberger, A. (2006). Is Fame Alone Sufficient to Create Priority Rights: An International Perspective on the Viability of the Famous / Well-Known Marks Doctrine, 24 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 739.
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(三)網路資源
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1.CVRIA http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/j_6/en/ .
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2.EUIPO, Trade mark guidelines https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/trade-mark-guidelines . http://www.dglaw.com/images_user/newsalerts/150214DavisKatz.pdf .
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3.Interbrand Rankings http://interbrand.com/ .
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4.Jeffrey C. Katz & David A. Weems (2007). Almost Famous? Comments On The Trademark Dilution, The Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, Vol 15 No. 2.
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