尋找中世紀羅賓漢歌謠裡的他性與異質空間

Seeking Alterity and Heterotopia in Medieval Robin Hood Ballads

10.6846/TKU.2016.00760

林佳平

羅賓漢 ； 他性 ； 異質空間 ； 法外之徒 ； 誓約 ； 騎士準則 ； 貧窮騎士 ； 制服與雇用費 ； Robin Hood ； Alterity ； Outlaw ； Heterotopia ； Oath ； Chivalry ； Livery and Maintenance ； Impoverished knight

淡江大學英文學系博士班學位論文

2016年

博士

蔡振興

英文

中世紀羅賓漢的「原始/社會身分」的可能性包括（1）自耕農，（2）貴族從者，（3）官員助手，（4）王室衛兵。茲因學者尚無法確定其身分，本論文試圖開創羅賓漢研究的另一條路：羅賓漢的「他性」（Alterity）研究。「他性」為一種不同於「原始/社會身分」的型態，是「我/自己」存在的另一種型態，是「另類的我」(Alternative Self)，存在於不同的時間與空間。本論文將羅賓漢視為社會的異己:當羅賓漢被封建政府沒收「原始/社會身分」，他成為了邊緣人和法外之徒。他被社會與法律排除在外，成為｢他者｣（Other），而且人人得而誅之。鑒於存在於他者的狀態下，沒有身分的羅賓漢所躲藏的森林成為本論文所欲深入探討的｢異質空間｣(Heterotopia)。在此異質空間中，羅賓漢所呈現的「他性」是仿效騎士，並把自己定位成具有騎士精神的法外之徒。 本論文分成五節。導論概括介紹目前羅賓漢研究的學術脈絡，進而探討羅賓漢研究的新面向。除了接續討論與定義中世紀羅賓漢的不同面向外，導論也特別討論羅賓漢中世紀歌謠裡的身分與「他性」。當羅賓漢被剝奪公民權時，法外之徒的狀態使羅賓漢必須放棄原有的社會身分，重新定義自我。第一章分析森林裡的空間功能，特別是中世紀時期森林裡的政治、社會與陽剛功能。藉由與森林空間的互動，羅賓漢得以讓保持並發展「他性」，跨越了人與動物的疆界。第二章探討羅賓漢如何管理森林異質空間，並打造出他的理想社會。在異質空間中，時空交錯重疊，羅賓漢遵循盎格魯-撒克遜傳統、奉行誓約(Oath)，重視言語與行為的一致性。第三章處理羅賓漢在異質空間中所認同騎士準則和中世紀羅曼史裡的貧窮騎士的主題，並說明中世紀封建系統裡的「制服與雇用費」(Livery and Maintenance)如何在經濟上影響羅賓漢所仿效中古騎士理想。第四章探索嘉年華般的異質森林。在此，羅賓漢的嘉年華會並不是顛覆社會規範，而是尋回失去的正義與秩序。本章也處理國王如何利用扮裝，得以進入羅賓漢的森林嘉年華，並藉由赦免與招攬羅賓漢為皇室服務，賜予羅賓漢新的官方身分所產生的影響。論文結論最後探討中世紀歌謠的「空間位移」敘述技巧和如何欣賞並認同羅賓漢歌謠裡的「他性」和異質（森林）空間。

The identity of medieval Robin Hood is still controversial. To move out of this deadlock, I, following Stephen Knight and others, argue that the study of alterity is a new critical direction for Robin Hood Studies. Alterity is not identity; conversely, it means “alternative self.” For me, this medieval “alternative self” of Robin Hood should not be ignored, and his alterity cannot be constructed if Robin Hood is not outlawed. In the process of outlawry, Robin Hood is an outsider and becomes otherized. This dissertation studies how the medieval Robin Hood represents a knightly outlaw in light of the application of Michel Foucault’s heterotopias to Robin Hood’s alterity in the forest. Since Robin Hood’s historical and literary identity is still open to debate, applying the heterotopic discourse can narrow this problem down to locate a central feature of Robin Hood’s identity through his alterity. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with the forest space where Robin Hood’s “alternative self” is shaped and his knightly behavior is developed. Structurally speaking, the dissertation is divided into five parts. In my Introduction, I explain how this dissertation could contribute to current Robin Hood studies and how Robin Hood’s alterity appears after his social identity is suspended by the law. When outlawry makes Robin Hood an outsider, Robin Hood starts to situate himself in the forest. In Chapter One, “The Function of Space in the Forest,” I look at the medieval forest as a space of contestation, politically, socially, and culturally. This chapter also discusses the bestial space where Robin Hood loses his human nature and breaks the boundary between human and animal. These discussions show how Robin Hood develops and maintains his alterity in the forest space in order to survive and thrive. Chapter Two, “Heterotopias and the Forest” investigates how the outlaw Robin Hood retrospectively manages the heterotopic forest and intends to create an ideal society by recovering the traditional doctrine of oath. Chapter Three, “Knighthood in the Heterotopic Greenwood,” continues to discuss Robin Hood’s code of chivalry, and I suggest that the medieval Robin Hood orientates his alterity through conducting himself as a generous and honorable knight. This knightly orientation is discussed with the themes of “impoverished knight” in medieval romances in conjunction with how livery and maintenance in the changing feudal system affects the status of knight and leader which Robin Hood attempts to be. Chapter Four, “Carnivalized Heterotopia” focuses on how the disguised King crosses the boundary to withdraw the outlaw from the forest heterotopia and ends Robin Hood’s alterity through recruiting and giving him an official identity. Meanwhile, this chapter continues to discuss how the medieval audiences perceive the carnivalized heterotopia created by Robin Hood and how the function of spatial displacement is operated in the medieval Robin Hood ballads. In conclusion, the dissertation makes two suggestions. First, the medieval Robin Hood should be read as a conservative and knightly outlaw, and his final return to the forest is mainly driven by his shame and failure of coping with the commercialized feudal system and not his love of nature. Secondly, the traditional values he embraced make the audiences from different social classes reminisce about the past as a form of escapism; therefore, the knightly Robin Hood only exists in the heterotopic forest where he can maintain his alterity and build an ideal community.

1. Works Cited
   連結：
2. Primary Texts
   連結：
3. Hahn, Thomas, ed. Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Woodbridge: Boydell& Brewer, 2000. Print.
   連結：
4. Hicks, M. A. Bastard Feudalism. London: Longman, 1995. Print.
   連結：
5. Kaufman, Alexander L., ed. British Outlaws of Literature and History: Essays on
   連結：
6. Knight, Stephen, ed. Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. Print.
   連結：
7. ---, ed. Robin Hood in Greenwood Stood: Alterity and Context in the English Outlaw Tradition. Belgium: Brepols, 2013. Print.
   連結：
8. Ohlgren, Thomas. Medieval Outlaws: Twelve Tales in Modern English Translation. West Lafayette, IN: Parlor, 2005. Print.
   連結：
9. Secondary Texts
   連結：
10. Aberth, John. “Forest.” An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature. London: Routledge, 2013. 77-140. Print.
    連結：
11. Ashton, Gail. Medieval English Romance in Context. London: Continuum, 2010. Print.
    連結：
12. Bellamy, John G. “Major Crimes.” The Criminal Trial in Later Medieval England: Felony Before the Courts from Edward I to the Sixteenth Century. Toronto: U of Toronto, 1998. 57-92. Print.
    連結：
13. Bracton, Henry de. On the Laws and Customs of England. Trans. Samuel E. Thorne.
    連結：
14. Bracton Online. Harvard Law School Library, April, 2003. Web. 16 April 2016.
    連結：
15. “The Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer.circa 1180.” The Avalon Project .Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008.Web. 22 Mar. 2016.
    連結：
16. Dobson, R. B., and John Taylor, eds. Rymes of Robyn Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw. London: Heinemann, 1976. Print.
    連結：
17. Geremek, Bronislaw. “The Marginal Man.” Medieval Callings. Ed. Jacques Le Goff. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 347-74. Print.
    連結：
18. Gorski, Richard. “Justices and Injustice? England’s Local Officials in the Later Middle Ages.” Outlaws in Medieval and Early Modern England: Crime, Government and Society, c.1066-c.1600. Ed. Paul Dalton and John C. Appleby. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009. 55-74. Print.
    連結：
19. Hahn, Thomas. “Robin Hood and the Rise of Cultural Studies.” Medieval Cultural
    連結：
20. Studies. Ed. Ruth Evans, Helen Fulton, and David Matthews. Cardiff: U of Wales P, 2006. 39-54. Print.
    連結：
21. Holt, J. C. Robin Hood. Revised. London: Thames and Hudson, 1989. Print.
    連結：
22. Hopkins, Andrea. The Sinful Knights: A Study of Middle English Penitential Romance. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. Print.
    連結：
23. Hutjens, Linda. “The Disguised King in Early English Ballads.” Ed. Matthew Dimmock and Andrew Hadfield. Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009. Print.
    連結：
24. Johnston, Michael. “Gentry Romances: A Literary History.” Romance and the Gentry in Late Medieval England. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014. 48-89. Print.
    連結：
25. Kaeuper, Richard W. “Chivalry beyond Formal Knighthood.” Medieval Chivalry. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016. 121-54. Print.
    連結：
26. Kaufman, Alexander L. “Histories of Contexts: Form, Argument, and. Ideology in A Gest of Robyn Hode.” British Outlaws of Literature and History: Essays on
    連結：
27. Keen, Maurice. The Outlaws of Medieval Legend. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Print.
    連結：
28. Knight, Stephen. “Alterity, Parody, Habitus: The Formation of the Early Literary Tradition of Robin Hood.” Robin Hood in Greenwood Stood: Alterity and Context in the English Outlaw Tradition. Belgium: Brepols, 2013. 1-29. Print.
    連結：
29. ---.Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Print.
    連結：
30. ---. Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2003. Print.
    連結：
31. ---.“Robin Hood versus King Arthur.” In Strange Countries: Middle English Literature and Its Afterlife. Ed. David Matthews. Manchester: Manchester UP,
    連結：
32. 2011. 9-24. Print.
    連結：
33. Lacey, Helen. The Royal Pardon: Access to Mercy in Fourteenth-century England. York: York Medieval P, 2009. Print.
    連結：
34. Lambdin, Robert T., and Laura C. Lambdin, eds. Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000. Print.
    連結：
35. Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell, 1991. Print.
    連結：
36. Liuzza, R. M. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 2000. Print.
    連結：
37. Llull, Ramon. The Book of the Order of Chivalry. Trans. Noel Fallows. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2013. Print.
    連結：
38. Mehl, Dieter. “Homiletic Romance.” The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969. 85-112. Print.
    連結：
39. Mileson, S. A. Parks in Medieval England. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Print.
    連結：
40. Nagy, Joseph Kalak. “The Paradoxes of Robin Hood.” Ed. Stephen Knight. Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 411-25. Print.
    連結：
41. Ohlgren, Thomas H. “‘lewed peple loven tales olde:’ Robin Hood and the Monk and the Manuscript Context of Cambridge, University Library MS Ff.5.48.” Robin Hood: The Early Poems, 1465-1560 : Texts, Contexts, and Ideology. Ed. Thomas H. Ohlgren and Lister M. Matheson. Newark: U of Delaware, 2007. 28-67. Print.
    連結：
42. Ostrau, Nicolay. “Locating Emotion in the Arthurian Romances Yvain / Iwein.” Locating the Middle Ages: The Spaces and Places of Medieval Culture. Ed. Julian Weiss and Sarah Salih. London: King’s College London Centre, 2012. 175-84. Print.
    連結：
43. Perez, Rosa A. “The Forest as Locus of Transition and Transformation.” Rural Space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: The Spatial Turn in Premodern Studies (Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture). Ed. Albrecht Classen. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. 433-50. Print.
    連結：
44. Phillips, Helen, ed. Bandit Territories: British Outlaw Traditions. Cardiff: U of Wales P, 2008.
    連結：
45. Pollard, A. J. Imagining Robin Hood: The Late-Medieval Stories in Historical Context. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.
    連結：
46. ---. “Political Ideology in the Early Stories of Robin Hood.” Outlaws in Medieval and Early Modern England: Crime, Government and Society, C.1066-c.1600. Ed. Paul Dalton and John C. Appleby. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009. 111-28. Print.
    連結：
47. Rotherham, Ian D. Sherwood Forest & the Dukeries: A Companion to the Land of Robin Hood. Gloucestershire: Amberley, 2013. Print.
    連結：
48. Rusk, Lauren. “The Hard-Won Harmonics of Selfhood.” The Life Writing of Otherness: Woolf, Baldwin, Kingston, and Winterson. New York: Routledge, 2002. 55-104. Print.
    連結：
49. Sauer, Michelle M. The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry before 1600. New York: Facts on File, 2008. Print.
    連結：
50. Shippey, Tom. “The Tale of Gamelyn: Class Warfare and the Embarrassments of Genre.” The Spirit of Medieval English Popular Romance. Ed. Ad Putter and Jane Gilbert. London: Longman, 2000.78-96. Print.
    連結：
51. Singman, Jeffrey L. Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. Print.
    連結：
52. Snell, Rachel. “The Undercover King.” Medieval Insular Romance: Translation and Innovation. Ed. Judith Weiss, Jennifer Fellows, and Morgan Dickson. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2000. 135-54. Print.
    連結：
53. Sponsler, Claire. “Counterfeit in their Array Cross Dressing in Robin Hood Performances.” Drama and Resistance: Bodies, Goods, and Theatricality in Late Medieval England. Minneapolis, MN: U of Minnesota, 1997. 24-49. Print.
    連結：
54. Stallybrass, Peter. “Drunk with the Cup of Liberty: Robin Hood, the Carnivalesque, and the Rhetoric of Violence in Early Modern England.” Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 297-327. Print.
    連結：
55. Sussman, Herbert L. Masculine Identities: The History and Meanings of Manliness. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012. 11-36, 81-98. Print.
    連結：
56. Wollock, Jennifer G. “The Literature of Chivalry.” Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011. 119-50. Print.
    連結：
57. Foucault, Michel. “Different Spaces.” Aesthetics: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984. Ed. James D. Faubion. London: Penguin, 1998. Print. 175-85.
58. Laskaya, Anne, and Eve Salisbury, eds. The Middle English Breton Lays. Kalamazoo, MI: Published for TEAMS in Association with the U of Rochester by Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan U, 1995. Print.
59. Medieval and Early Modern Figures from Robin Hood to Twm Shon Catty. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. Print.
60. Knight, Stephen and Thomas Ohlgren, eds. Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales. 2nd ed. Kalamazoo, MI: Published for TEAMS in Association with the U of Rochester by Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan U, 2000. Print.
61. Bessinger, J. B., Jr. “The Gest of Robin Hood Revisited.” Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 39-50. Print.
62. .
63. Breay, Claire, and Julian Harrison. “Magna Carta in Context.” Magna Carta. British Library, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2016. .
64. Cassidy-Welch, Megan, “Space and Place in Medieval Contexts.” Parergon 27.2 (2010): 1-12. Print.
65. Child, F. J., ed. The English and Scottish Popular Ballads: In Five Volumes. Rev. Mark F. Heiman and Laura Saxton Heiman. Northfield, MN: Loomis House P, 2001. Print.
66. Cotton-Spreckelmeyer, Antha. “Robin Hood: Outlaw or Exile?” British Outlaws of Literature and History. Ed. Alexander L. Kaufman. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. 133-45. Print.
67. Crossley-Holland, Kevin, ed. and trans. “The Battle of Maldon.” The Anglo-Saxon World. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. 11-18. Print.
68. < http://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/excheq.asp>.
69. Dixon-Kennedy, Mike. The Robin Hood Handbook: The Outlaw in History, Myth and Legend. Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006. Print.
70. France, Marie De. “Bisclavret.” Trans. Robert W. Hanning and Joan M. Ferrante. The Lais of Marie De France. 8th ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2004. 92-104. Print.
71. Fossier, Robert. “Man in Himself.” The Axe and the Oath: Ordinary Life in the Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2010. 223-91. Print.
72. Hahn, Thomas and Stephen Knight. “‘Exempt me, Sire, for I am afeard of women’: Gendering Robin Hood.” Bandit Territories: British Outlaw Traditions. Ed. Helen Phillips. Cardiff: U of Wales P, 2008. 24-43. Print.
73. ---, Sir Gawain: Eleven Romances and Tales. Kalamazoo, MI: Published for TEAMS in Association with the U of Rochester by Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan U, 1995. Print
74. Hammond, Wayne G. and Christina Scull. “The Passing of the Grey Company.” The Lord of the Ring: A Reader’s Companion. London: HarperCollins, 2005. 530-31. Print.
75. Hanawalt, Barbara. “Ballads and Bandits: Fourteenth-Century Outlaws and the Robin Hood Poems.” Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 263-84. Print.
76. Hanawalt, Barbara, and Michal Kobialka. “Introduciton.” Medieval Practices of Space. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 2000. ix-xviii. Print.
77. Holmes, John R. “Oaths and Oathbreaking: Analogues of Old English Comitatus in Tolkien’s Myth.” Tolkien and the Invention of Myth. Ed. Jane Chance. Lexington, KY: UP of Kentucky, 2004.249-61.
78. ---. “The Origins and the Audience of the Ballads of Robin Hood.” Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 211-32. Print.
79. Kane, Stuart. “Horse-play: Robin Hood, Guy of Gisborne, and the Neg(oti)ation of the Bestial.” Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression, and Justice. Ed. Thomas Hahn. Woodbridge: Boydell& Brewer, 2000. 101-10. Print.
80. Medieval and Early Modern Figures from Robin Hood to Twm Shon Catty. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. 146-64. Print.
81. Keith, Michael, and Steve Pile. “The Politics of Space.” Place and the Politics of Identity. London: Routledge, 1993. 1-21. Print.
82. Kennedy, Kathleen E. Maintenance, Meed, and Marriage in Medieval English
83. Literature. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.
84. The King James Bible. 25 April 2016 .
85. Leahy, Mark. “‘Where Shall We Rob’: Fantasies of Justice in the Early Robin Hood Ballads.” British Outlaws of Literature and History: Essays on
86. Medieval and Early Modern Figures from Robin Hood to Twm Shon Catty. Ed. Alexander Kaufman. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. 204-18.
87. Lévinas, Emmanuel. Alterity and Transcendence. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. Print.
88. Lewis, Matthew. Medieval Britain in 100 Facts. Stroud, UK: Amberley, 2015. Print.
89. Maddicott, J. R. “The Birth and Setting of the Ballads of Robin Hood.” Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen Knight. Woodbridge, Suffolk: D.S. Brewer, 1999. 233-56. Print.
90. Malory, Thomas. Le Morte d’Arthur. Ed. Janet Cowen. London: Penguin, 1969.
91. ---. “Review.” Rev. of Robin Hood in Greenwood Stood: Alterity and Context in the English Outlaw Tradition. The Medieval Review (2013): n. pag. The Medieval Review. Indiana University, 30 June 2013. Web. 16 May 2016. .
92. Puente, Maria. “Robin Hood’s Fluid Identity Flows on.” USATODAY.com. USATODAY, 9 May 2010. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
93. Pyle, Howard. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown, in Nottinghamshire. New York: Dover, 1968. Print.
94. “The Robin Hood Project - Robbins Library Digital Projects.” The Robin Hood Project. Ed. Alan Lupack and Barbara Tepa Lupack. U of Rochester, n.d. Web. 06 June 2016. .
95. Sandidge, Marilyn L. “Hunting or Gardening: Parks and Royal Rural Space.” Ed. Albrecht Classen. Rural Space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: The Spatial Turn in Premodern Studies. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. 389-406. Print.
96. Sartore, Melissa. Outlawry, Governance, and Law in Medieval England. New York: Peter Lang, 2014. Print.
97. Smith, Neil. Robin Hood. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2014. Print.
98. Stephens, John, and Robyn McCallum. “The Boys in the Greenwood: Stories of Robin Hood.” Retelling Stories, Framing Culture: Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children’s Literature. New York: Garland, 1998. 165-200. Print.
99. Tacitus, Cornelius. “Germania.” Internet Medieval Source Book. Ed. Paul Halsall. 8 Jan. 2000. Fordham U. 7 May 2016 .
100. Waltz, Robert B. “The Gest of Robyn Hode: A Critical and Textual Commentary by Robert B. Waltz.” Free-eBooks.net. N.p., 2013. Web. 06 June 2016. .