單親家庭中的母女關係紐帶

The bonding between mother and daughter in single-parent families

官妙嬬

母女關係 ； 關係自我 ； 離婚 ； mother-daughter relationship ； self in relation ； divorce

中山醫學大學心理學系暨臨床心理學碩士班學位論文

2018年

碩士

王郁茗

繁體中文

本研究目的主要探討在離婚事件中母親和女兒自我在關係中的發展與變化，以及母女關係發展的內涵。本研究選取五對（共10位）離婚母親及其女兒；母親在女兒青春期前離婚，離婚後獨自撫養女兒，女兒目前年齡在18歲以上成年期女性。本研究採取敘事研究為研究方法，以半結構式的訪談法，與母女分別進行各一次的深度訪談，將訪談內容轉錄為逐字稿，以「整體-內容」方式進行分析，採用說服力（persuasiveness）、一致性（correspondence）、連續性（coherence）、實用性（pragmatic use）等四項指標檢核資料有效性。 研究發現： 一、 母親在離婚經驗中其自我發展與變化：女性自我非線性或單一的發展歷程，透過內部家庭關係與外在文化脈絡的交互作用下中界定出自我的範圍與認同。 二、 女兒在歷經父母離婚事件其自我發展與變化：女兒的自我同樣是非線性或單一的發展歷程，在痛苦中的脆弱拼貼自我、在孤單的依賴中長出力量、在分化中的獨立認同自我。 三、 母女關係的變化與內涵：母女關係是一個流動的發展歷程，透過彼此關係的需要、強化與分離最後趨於和平、穩定，過程中構建自我認同與價值，同時促進關係的轉化與自我重新定位。 研究者針對以上結論進行討論，根據研究結果提供建議以作為單親家庭的母女、實務工作者及未來研究的建議與參考。

This study aims to understand the change and development of self-concept in woman during relationship change while divorce, meanwhile the context of mother-daughter relationship while divorce. Participants were from 5 couple of divorced mothers and their only daughters. Mothers were divorced before their daughters went into adolescent and rise their daughters indecently. Daughters’ age were above 18 years old. Based on the holistic content analysis of narrative method, this study used a semi-structure deep interview to collect the life story from mothers and daughters. The interviews were tape-recorded and then transcribed word by word, with persuasiveness, correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic use were selected as four indicators to examine the reliability of present interview data. We found these results in this study: 1. Mothers’ self will impact by the experience of divorce: the self-concept in woman was not linear or single developmental process. After the change of relationship, self-concept in woman re-directed based on the interactions of family relationship and culture context. 2. Daughters self were change as parents’ divorce: Self-development of daughters were not linear or sole also. During the struggle and painful experience, daughters put their self tighter in a fragile process. But as their growth up, they got empowerment and independent through the differential of self identify. 3. The change of mother-daughter relationship was depends on the method of mother deal with the relation change: Mother-daughter relationship was a alterative and developmental process. Through their needs from relationship, mothers and daughters were strengthen, differential or separate from each other. But the final goal was stabilized and peaceful. In this process they constructed their self identity and value, meanwhile facilities the transformation and re-position of self-concept in woman. To conclude the research, the researcher reflects on the research and gives suggestions that may be helpful for members of single-parent families, consolers and future researchers.

1. 江素芬、劉慈惠（2004）。單親媽媽與她的孩子之間-失去膀臂之後的日子與教養想法。新竹師院學報，19，113-136。
   連結：
2. 彭淑華（2006）。台灣女性單親家庭生活處境之研究。東吳社會工作學報，14，25-62。
   連結：
3. 劉惠琴（1999）。女性主義觀點看夫妻衝突與影響歷程。婦女與兩性學刊，10，41-77。
   連結：
4. 劉惠琴（2000）。母女關係的社會建構。應用心理研究，6，97-130。
   連結：
5. 中文部分
6. 丁興祥、張慈宜、曾寶瑩（譯）（2003）。J. A. Smith著。質性心理學：研究方法的實務指南（Qualitative Psychology）。臺北：遠流。
7. 江文賢等（譯）（2013）。R. Gilbert 著。Bowen 家庭系統理論之八大概念：一種思考個人與團體的新方式（The Eight Concepts of Bowen Theory: ──A New Way of Thinking About The Individual and The Group）。臺北：秀威資訊科技。
8. 朱貽莊（1997）。單親家庭兒童福利需求之探究。社會建設，98，91-106。
9. 李慧中（譯）（2017）。Colleen O’Grady 著。媽媽，才是一切的答案：化解與青春期女兒的情緒化衝突（Dial Down the Drama: Reducing Conflict and Reconnecting with Your Teenage Daughter- A Guide for Mothers Everywhere）。台北：寶瓶文化。
10. 吳玉鈴（2001）。女性主義認識論與婦女學習。社會教育學刊，30，1-24。
11. 吳英璋、方慧民（1987）。離婚因素：親子關係及學童之適應。中華心理衛生學刊，3，149-167。
12. 余德慧、徐臨嘉（1994）。詮釋中國人的悲怨。本土心理學研究，1，301-329。
13. 余德慧、顧瑜君（2000）。父母眼中的離合處境與現代倫理意涵，應用心理研究，6，173-211。
14. 肖巍（譯）（1999）。Gilligan, C. 著。不同的聲音—心理學理論與婦女發展（In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development）。北京：中央編譯。

15. 林本喬（1992）。國小父母離婚兒童團體諮商之輔導效果。嘉義師院學報，6，89-128。
16. 林佩郁、謝麗紅（2003）。焦點解決取向團體諮商對國小單親兒童輔導效果之研究。彰化師大輔導學報，24，73-105。
17. 林意綠、陳慶福（2003）。離異者對離異事件理性信念、特質生氣與社會適應關係之研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，14，1-32。
18. 胡幼慧（1996）。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。臺北：巨流。
19. 胡榮、王小章（譯）（1995）。Mead, G. 著。心靈、自我與社會（Mind, Self and Society）。台北市：桂冠圖書。
20. 胡韶玲、孫世雄（2008）。低收入戶單親母親的復原歷程：論親子力量的影響。應用心理研究，38，61-105。
21. 孫柯（譯）（1994）。Nancy W. Cocola & Arlene M. Matthews著。解開母女情節（How To Manage Your Mother）。台北：遠流。
22. 徐西森、連延嘉（2004）。婚變婦女因應婚姻危機歷程之初探研究。諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所刊，11，31-57。
23. 徐蓮蔭（譯）（1997）。Price, S. J. & McKenry, P. C. 著。離婚（Divorce）。台北:揚智。
24. 紐文英（2016）。質性研究方法與論文寫作。臺北：雙葉書廊有限公司。
25. 常以方（2005）。戰爭與和平：從我的母女關係探究母女親密關係與自我的蛻變。國立臺北教育大學心理與諮商學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
26. 張君玫（譯）（2003）。Nancy J. Chodorow 著。母職的再生產：心理分析與性別社會學（The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and sociology of gender）。台北：群學。
27. 張英陣、彭淑華（1996）。從優勢的觀點論單親家庭。東吳社會工作學報，2，227-272。
28. 張華甄（2012）。淺談父母離異對其子女的影響。家庭教育雙月刊，35，29-36。
29. 陳婉琪（2014）。都是為了孩子？父母離婚負面影響之重新評估。臺灣社會學刊，54，31-73。
30. 許皓宜（2017）。即使家庭會傷人，愛依然存在：讓你沮喪的不是人生，而是你的焦慮。台北：如何出版社。
31. 彭淑華（2005）。婆家、娘家、何處是我家?女性單親家長的家庭支持系統分析。社會政策與社會工作學刊，9（2），197-262。
32. 程景琳、廖小雯、林書萱（2009）。台灣成年初顯期現象初探（未出版手稿）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。
33. 黃宗堅、邱奕絜（2006）。生命的困與破-單親媽媽離婚後復原力之敘說分析。台灣心理學會第45屆年會發表之論文，台北市。
34. 黃彩雲（1998）。父母離異兒童對父母離異事件歸因與因應之研究-以一個團體諮商歷程為例。新竹師院國民教育研究所論文集，4，209-227。
35. 黃鈴翔、張意真（譯）（1999）。Kissman, K. & Allen, J. A 著。開創生機—單親家庭權能增強社會工作（Single parent families）。臺北：亞太圖書。
36. 黃慧芬（1999）。子女知覺父母了解,關係性自我及自尊之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化。

37. 楊妙芬（1995）。單親兒童非理性信念、父母管教態度、自我概念與人際關係之研究。屏東師院學報，8，71-110。
38. 楊美惠（譯）（1992）。Simone de Beauvoir 著。第二性：處境（Le deuxieme sexe 2）。台北：志文。
39. 劉珠利（2003）。台灣年輕女性的兩性關係─從「關係中的自我」理論的觀點來探討。社區發展季刊，101，56-69。
40. 劉惠琴（2008）。行動中的家庭故事。應用心理研究，38，17-59。
41. 鄭玉英（譯）（2014）。Linda Jarosch & Andrea Larson 著。看見妳，我找到自己：母女關係成為女性的關鍵生命力（Ich sehe dich und finde mich）。台北：南與北文化。
42. 繆敏志（1989）。單親兒童研究之方法學。教師天地，43，20-23。
43. 鍾永吉（1997）。父母離異兒童的失落，悲傷與輔導。諮商與輔導，135，10-13。
44. 羅珞珈（譯）（1990）。Kranzlen, M. 著。創造性的離婚（Creative divorce）。台北市：前衛。
45. 英文部分
46. Arditti, J. A. (1999). Rethinking relationships between divorced mothers and their children: Capitalizing on family strengths. Family Relations, 48, 109-119.
47. Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Golderberg, N., & Tarule, J. (1986). Women‘s ways of
48. Booth, A., & Amato, P. (1991). The role of attachment in the post-divorce experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 466-503.
49. Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In P. J. Guerin, Jr.(Ed), Family Therapy: Therapy and Practice. New York: Camer Press. 42-90.
50. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol 1:Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
51. Chodorow, N. (1974). Family structure and feminine personality. In M. A. Rosaldo, & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, Culture, and Society (pp. 43-66). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

52. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: psychoanalysis and sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.

53. Collins, Patricia Hill. (1991). The Meaning of Motherhood in Black Culture and Black Mother-Daughter Relationships. Double Stitch: Black Women Write about Mother and Daughters. In Patricia Bell-Scott, Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Jacqueline Jones Royster, Janet Sims-Wood, Miriam DeCosta Willis, & Lucie Fultz (Eds.). Boston Beacon Press. 42-60. development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54. Fabricius, W. V. (2003). Listening to children of divorce: New finding that diverge from Wallerstein, Lewis, and Blakeslee. Family Relations, 52(4), 386-396.
55. Firestone, L. (2004). Separation Theory and Voice Therapy Methodology Applied to the Treatment of Katie: A Diary-Based Retrospective Case Conceptualization and Treatment Approach. In D. Lester (Ed.), Series in death, dying, and bereavement. Katie's diary: Unlocking the mystery of a suicide (pp. 161-186). New York, NY, US: Brunner-Routledge.
56. Gilbert, L. S. (2002). Going the distance: ‘Closeness’ in qualitative data analysis software. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 5(3), 215-228.
57. Gilligan, C. (1988). Exit-voice dilemmas in adolescent development. In C. Gillidan, J. V. Ward, & J. M. Taylor (Eds.), Mapping the moral domain. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
58. Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
59. Gilligan, C. (1995). Hearing the difference: Theorizing connection. Hypatia, 10(2), 120-127.
60. Gnaulati, E., & Heine, B. J. (2001). Separation-individuation in late adolescence: An investigation of gender and ethnic differences. The journal of psychology, 135(1), 59-70.
61. Hanson, M. H. (1986). Healthy single parent families. Family Relations. 35, 125-132.
62. Harre, R. (1983). Commentary from an ethogenic standpoint. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 13(1), 69-73.
63. Harré, R. (1983). Personal being: A theory for individual psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.
64. Hays, Sharon. (1996). The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven: Yale University Press.
65. Hershberg, S. G. (2006). Pathways of growth in the mother–daughter relationship. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 26(1), 56-69.
66. Jensen, J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
67. Jordan, J. V. (1991a). The meaning of mutuality. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Stiver, & J. L. Surry (Eds.), Women’s growth in connection. Writings from the stone center (pp. 81-96). New York: The Guildford Press.
68. Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver,I. P., & Surry, J. L.(1991). Women’s growth in connection. Writings from the stone center. New York: The Guildford Press.

69. Kaplan, A. G., & Klein, R. (1985). The relational self in late adolescent women. In A. G. Kaplan, R. Klein, & N. A. Gleason (Eds.), Women's self development in late adolescence. (pp. 3-10). Wellesley, MA: Stone Center.
70. Kaplan, A. G., (1986). The “self-in relation” : Implications for depression in women. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 23, 234-242. knowing. New York: Basic Books.
71. Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children’s orientations toward a moral order: l. Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6, 11-33.
72. Kurdek, L. A. (1990). Divorce history and self-reported psychological distress in husbands and wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 701-708.
73. La Sorsa, V.A., & Fodor, I.G. (1990). Adolescent daughter/midlife mother dyad: A new look at separation and self-definition. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 593-606.
74. Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns (No. 4). University of Pennsylvania Press.
75. Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation (Vol. 47). Sage.
76. McGoldrick, M., Heiman, M., & Carter, B. (1993). The changing family life cycle: A perspective on normalcy. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (2nd ed., pp. 405-443). New York: Guilford Press.
77. McLeod, J. (2000). Qualitative research in counseling and psychotherapy. London: Sage.
78. McLeod, J. (2006). Narrative thinking and the emergence of postpsychological therapies. Narrative Inquiry, 16, 21-29.
79. Miller, J. B. (1986). Toward a new psychology of women (2nd.). Boston: Beacon Press.
80. Pruett M. K., Williams T. Y., Insabella, G., & Little, T. D. (2003). Family and legal indicators of child adjustment to divorce among families with young children. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(2), 169-180.
81. Riessman, C. K. (2003). Narrative analysis. London: Sage.
82. Seltzer, J. (1991). Relationships between fathers and children who live apart: The father's role after separation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 79-102.
83. Sperberg, E. D., & Stabb, S. D. (1998). Depression in women as related to anger and mutuality in relationships. Journal of Women Quarterly, 22, 223-238.
84. Surry, J. L. (1991). The self-in-relation: A theory of women’s development. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Stiver, & J. L. Surry (Eds.), Women’s growth in connection. Writings from the stone center (pp. 51-66). New York: The Guildford Press.
85. Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). Surviving the Breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
86. White, M. (1997). Narratives of therapists’live. Adelaide, SA: Dulwich Centre Publications.
87. Yau, J. and Smetana, J.G. (1996) Adolescent-Parent Conflict among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Development, 67, 1262-1275.