基於遊客氣候感受之旅遊氣候資訊建置

The tourism climate information based on tourists' perceptions on climate

楊馨茹

氣候資訊 ； 旅遊 ； 熱舒適 ； Climate information ； tourism ； thermal comfort

中興大學景觀與遊憩碩士學位學程學位論文

2013年

碩士

林子平

繁體中文

氣候是決定旅遊的第二大因素，然而目前國際間僅有通則性的旅遊氣候指標，但缺乏在基於在地溫度、濕度、風速、雨量、雲量、日照量特性及遊客的氣候指標。同時，傳統的長期氣候資訊提供數據和範圍較廣且較零散的氣候圖表呈現，無法呈現不同使用者得氣候喜好的差異。台灣面積雖小但地形地貌多變，造成台灣多樣性的氣候特徵。故本研究希望能將北中南三地的近十年氣候觀測，簡化並利用視覺化的氣候指標分布效果，將不同資訊得以容易的讓觀光客，清楚明白該地的氣候性質。同時，將因應不同出發地的觀光客、或是不同氣候感知喜好的觀光客的特性，呈現客製化得氣候資訊圖，以提升觀光的發展。

Climate decided to travel second international only the General Rules of the tourism climate index, but lack in the climate indicators. At the same time, the traditional long-term climate information to provide data and range wider and more fragmented climate chart presented not render the differences of climate preferences of different users.The hope that the the Climate Observing the north can be nearly a decade, simplify and make use of the visual effect of climate indicators distribution, be easy to let the tourists clearly understand the nature of the climate of the earth, in order to enhance the development of tourism.

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2. Agnew, M. D., and J. P. Palutikof, Impacts of short-term climate variability in the UK on demand for domestic and international tourism. Climate Research, 31(1), pp. 109-120, 2006.
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3. Alcoforado, M. J., H. Andrade, A. Lopes, and J. Vasconcelos, Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning The example of Lisbon (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(1-2), pp. 56-65, 2009.
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4. Becken, S., and J. Gnoth, Tourist consumption systems among overseas visitors: reporting on American, German, and Australian visitors to New Zealand. Tourism Management, 25(3), pp. 375-385, 2004.
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5. Becken, S., D. G. Simmons, and C. Frampton, Energy use associated with different travel choices. Tourism Management, 24(3), pp. 267-277, 2003.
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6. Becker, S., Bioclimatological rating of cities and resorts in South Africa according to the climate index. International Journal of Climatology, 20(12), pp. 1403-1414, 2000.
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7. Braun, O. L., M. Lohmann, O. Maksimovic, M. Meyer, A. Merkovic, E. Messerschmidt, et al., Potential impact of climate change effects on preferences for tourism destinations. A psychological pilot study. Climate Research, 11(3), pp. 247-254, 1999.
   連結：
8. Caliskan, O., I. Cicek, and A. Matzarakis, The climate and bioclimate of Bursa (Turkey) from the perspective of tourism. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107(3-4), pp. 417-425, 2012.
   連結：
9. Cheng, V., E. Ng, C. Chan, and B. Givoni, Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: a longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(1), pp. 43-56, 2012.
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10. Cohen, P., O. Potchter, and A. Matzarakis, Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Building and Environment, 51, pp. 285-295, 2012.
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11. Cohen, P., O. Potchter, and A. Matzarakis, Human thermal perception of Coastal Mediterranean outdoor urban environments. Applied Geography, 37, pp. 1-10, 2013.
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12. Coombes, E. G., A. P. Jones, and W. J. Sutherland, The Implications of Climate Change on Coastal Visitor Numbers: A Regional Analysis. Journal of Coastal Research, 25(4), pp. 981-990, 2009.
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13. Cuccia, T., and I. Rizzo, Tourism seasonality in cultural destinations: Empirical evidence from Sicily. Tourism Management, 32(3), pp. 589-595, 2011.
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14. Daneshvar, M. R. M., A. Bagherzadeh, and T. Tavousi, Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran. Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5(1), pp. 53-60, 2013.
    連結：
15. de Freitas, C. R., Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48(1), pp. 45-54, 2003.
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16. de Freitas, C. R., D. Scott, and G. McBoyle, A second generation climate index for tourism (CIT): specification and verification. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(5), pp. 399-407, 2008.
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17. Denstadli, J. M., J. K. S. Jacobsen, and M. Lohmann, TOURIST PERCEPTIONS OF SUMMER WEATHER IN SCANDINAVIA. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), pp. 920-940, 2011.
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18. Endler, C., and A. Matzarakis, Analysis of high-resolution simulations for the Black Forest region from a point of view of tourism climatology - a comparison between two regional climate models (REMO and CLM). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 103(3-4), pp. 427-440, 2011.
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19. Endler, C., and A. Matzarakis, Climate and tourism in the Black Forest during the warm season. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55(2), pp. 173-186, 2011.
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20. Endler, C., and A. Matzarakis, Climatic potential for tourism in the Black Forest, Germany - winter season. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55(3), pp. 339-351, 2011.
    連結：
21. Endler, C., K. Oehler, and A. Matzarakis, Vertical gradient of climate change and climate tourism conditions in the Black Forest. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54(1), pp. 45-61, 2010.
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22. Eugenio-Martin, J. L., and J. A. Campos-Soria, Climate in the region of origin and destination choice in outbound tourism demand. Tourism Management, 31(6), pp. 744-753, 2010.
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23. Falk, M., Impact of Long-Term Weather on Domestic and Foreign Winter Tourism Demand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), pp. 1-17, 2013.
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24. Farajzadeh, H., and A. Matzarakis, Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107(3-4), pp. 451-459, 2012.
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25. Forland, E. J., J. K. S. Jacobsen, J. M. Denstadli, M. Lohmann, I. Hanssen-Bauer, H. O. Hygen, et al., Cool weather tourism under global warming: Comparing Arctic summer tourists' weather preferences with regional climate statistics and projections. Tourism Management, 36, pp. 567-579, 2013.
    連結：
26. Frohlich, D., and A. Matzarakis, Modeling of changes in thermal bioclimate: examples based on urban spaces in Freiburg, Germany. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 111(3-4), pp. 547-558, 2013.
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27. Goh, C., EXPLORING IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON TOURISM DEMAND. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), pp. 1859-1883, 2012.
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28. Hadwen, W. L., A. H. Arthington, P. I. Boon, B. Taylor, and C. S. Fellows, Do Climatic or Institutional Factors Drive Seasonal Patterns of Tourism Visitation to Protected Areas across Diverse Climate Zones in Eastern Australia? Tourism Geographies, 13(2), pp. 187-208, 2011.
    連結：
29. Hamilton, J. M., D. J. Maddison, and R. S. J. Tol, Climate change and international tourism: A simulation study. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 15(3), pp. 253-266, 2005.
    連結：
30. Hamilton, J. M., D. J. Maddison, and R. S. J. Tol, Effects of climate change on international tourism. Climate Research, 29(3), pp. 245-254, 2005.
    連結：
31. Hein, L., M. J. Metzger, and A. Moreno, Potential impacts of climate change on tourism; a case study for Spain. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(2), pp. 170-178, 2009.
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32. Herrmann, J., and A. Matzarakis, Mean radiant temperature in idealised urban canyons-examples from Freiburg, Germany. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(1), pp. 199-203, 2012.
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33. Hwang, R. L., T. P. Lin, and A. Matzarakis, Seasonal effects of urban street shading on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 46(4), pp. 863-870, 2011.
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34. Jorgensen, F., and G. Solvoll, Demand models for inclusive tour charter: The Norwegian case. Tourism Management, 17(1), pp. 17-24, 1996.
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35. Kantor, N., L. Egerhazi, and J. Unger, Subjective estimation of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces-Part 1: investigations in Szeged, Hungary. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(6), pp. 1075-1088, 2012.
    連結：
36. Kantor, N., J. Unger, and A. Gulyas, Subjective estimations of thermal environment in recreational urban spaces-Part 2: international comparison. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(6), pp. 1089-1101, 2012.
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37. Klein, Y. L., and J. Osleeb, Determinants of Coastal Tourism: A Case Study of Florida Beach Counties. Journal of Coastal Research, 26(6), pp. 1149-1156, 2010.
    連結：
38. Koetse, M. J., and P. Rietveld, The impact of climate change and weather on transport: An overview of empirical findings. Transportation Research Part D-Transport and Environment, 14(3), pp. 205-221, 2009.
    連結：
39. Lin, T. P., and A. Matzarakis, Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(4), pp. 281-290, 2008.
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40. Lin, T. P., and A. Matzarakis, Tourism climate information based on human thermal perception in Taiwan and Eastern China. Tourism Management, 32(3), pp. 492-500, 2011.
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41. Lin, T. P., K. T. Tsai, R. L. Hwang, and A. Matzarakis, Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(2), pp. 137-146, 2012.
    連結：
42. Lise, W., and R. S. J. Tol, Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change, 55(4), pp. 429-449, 2002.
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43. Lopes, A., S. Lopes, A. Matzarakis, and M. J. Alcoforado, The influence of the summer sea breeze on thermal comfort in Funchal (Madeira). A contribution to tourism and urban planning. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 20(5), pp. 553-564, 2011.
    連結：
44. Lyons, S., K. Mayor, and R. S. J. Tol, Holiday destinations: Understanding the travel choices of Irish tourists. Tourism Management, 30(5), pp. 683-692, 2009.
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45. Makaremi, N., E. Salleh, M. Z. Jaafar, and A. GhaffarianHoseini, Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia. Building and Environment, 48, pp. 7-14, 2012.
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46. Matzarakis, A., M. Hammerle, C. Endler, S. Muthers, and E. Koch, Assessment of tourism and recreation destinations under climate change conditions in Austria. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 21(2), pp. 157-165, 2012.
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47. Matzarakis, A., M. Hammerle, E. Koch, and E. Rudel, The climate tourism potential of Alpine destinations using the example of Sonnblick, Rauris and Salzburg. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 110(4), pp. 645-658, 2012.
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48. McGregor, G. R., M. T. Markou, A. Bartzokas, and B. D. Katsoulis, An evaluation of the nature and timing of summer human thermal discomfort in Athens, Greece. Climate Research, 20(1), pp. 83-94, 2002.
    連結：
49. Yu, G. M., Z. Schwartz, and J. E. Walsh, A weather-resolving index for assessing the impact of climate change on tourism related climate resources. Climatic Change, 95(3-4), pp. 551-573, 2009.
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50. Bigano, A., J. M. Hamilton, and R. S. J. Tol, The impact of climate on holiday destination choice. Climatic Change, 76(3-4), pp. 389-406, 2006.
    連結：
51. Lin, T. P., A. Matzarakis, and R. L. Hwang, Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 45(1), pp. 213-221, 2010.
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52. Nastos, P. T., K. N. Giaouzaki, N. A. Kampanis, and A. Matzarakis, Acute coronary syndromes related to bio-climate in a Mediterranean area. The case of Ierapetra, Crete Island, Greece. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23(1), pp. 76-90, 2013.
    連結：
53. Nastos, P. T., N. A. Kampanis, K. N. Giaouzaki, and A. Matzarakis, Environmental impacts on human health during a Saharan dust episode at Crete Island, Greece. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 20(5), pp. 517-529, 2011.
    連結：
54. Nastos, P. T., and A. Matzarakis, The effect of air temperature and human thermal indices on mortality in Athens, Greece. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 108(3-4), pp. 591-599, 2012.
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55. Ng, E., and V. Cheng, Urban human thermal comfort in hot and humid Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings, 55, pp. 51-65, 2012.
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56. Omonijo, A. G., A. Matzarakis, O. Oguntoke, and C. O. Adeofun, Effect of thermal environment on the temporal, spatial and seasonal occurrence of measles in Ondo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(5), pp. 873-885, 2012.
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57. Portnov, B. A., and M. Schwartz, URBAN CLUSTERS AS GROWTH FOCI. Journal of Regional Science, 49(2), pp. 287-310, 2009.
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58. 莊家梅，林憲德，夏季戶外空間熱舒適性之研究 -以台南縣市、高雄市戶外空間為研究對象，碩士論文，國立成功大學建築學系，台南，2008
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60. 嚴仕杰，鄭明仁，學生在校園戶外環境熱舒適實測研究以-台中市中學為例，碩士論文，逢甲大學建築系，台中，2009
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61. Abdel-Ghany, A. M., I. M. Al-Helal, and M. R. Shady, Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A Case Study. Advances in Meteorology, pp., 2013.
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62. Prayag, G., and C. Ryan, The relationship between the 'push' and 'pull' factors of a tourist destination: the role of nationality - an analytical qualitative research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), pp. 121-143, 2011.
    連結：
63. Schmidt, P., R. Steiger, and A. Matzarakis, Artificial snowmaking possibilities and climate change based on regional climate modeling in the Southern Black Forest. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 21(2), pp. 167-172, 2012.
    連結：
64. Scott, D., Why sustainable tourism must address climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), pp. 17-34, 2010.
    連結：
65. Scott, D., S. Gossling, and C. R. de Freitas, Preferred climates for tourism: case studies from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Climate Research, 38(1), pp. 61-73, 2008.
    連結：
66. Serquet, G., and M. Rebetez, Relationship between tourism demand in the Swiss Alps and hot summer air temperatures associated with climate change. Climatic Change, 108(1-2), pp. 291-300, 2011.
    連結：
67. Shashua-Bar, L., I. X. Tsiros, and M. Hoffman, Passive cooling design options to ameliorate thermal comfort in urban streets of a Mediterranean climate (Athens) under hot summer conditions. Building and Environment, 57, pp. 110-119, 2012.
    連結：
68. Shiue, I., and A. Matzarakis, Estimation of the tourism climate in the Hunter Region, Australia, in the early twenty-first century. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55(4), pp. 565-574, 2011.
    連結：
69. Spagnolo, J. C., and R. J. De Dear, A human thermal climatology of subtropical sydney. International Journal of Climatology, 23(11), pp. 1383-1395, 2003.
    連結：
70. Toy, S., and S. Yilmaz, Thermal sensation of people performing recreational activities in shadowy environment: a case study from Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 101(3-4), pp. 329-343, 2010.
    連結：
71. Wilson, J., and S. Becken, Perceived deficiencies in the provision of climate and weather information for tourism: A New Zealand media analysis. New Zealand Geographer, 67(3), pp. 148-160, 2011.
    連結：
72. Shao, Q. Q., C. Y. Sun, J. Y. Liu, J. F. He, W. H. Kuang, and F. L. Tao, Impact of urban expansion on meteorological observation data and overestimation to regional air temperature in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 21(6), pp. 994-1006, 2011.
    連結：
73. Matzarakis, A., and P. Nastos, ANALYSIS OF TOURISM POTENTIAL FOR CRETE ISLAND, GREECE. Global Nest Journal, 13(2), pp. 141-149, 2011.
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