應用神經活動探討訊息架構的勸服效果：以失能兒童居家復健活動為例

Exploring the Persuasive Effects and Neural Activities of Message Framing on a Home-based Rehabilitation Program for Children with Disabilities

陳秋坪

居家復健活動 ； 訊息框架 ； 雙面訊息 ； 自我效能 ； 神經行銷學 ； home-based rehabilitation programs ； message framing ； two-sided message ； self-efficacy ； neuromarketing

義守大學管理碩博士班學位論文

2016年

博士

楊東震

英文

身心障礙的孩子若能從事大量的居家復健活動練習，不僅可以促進發展，還能增進獨立自主能力因此，如何設計訊息說服家長配合執行居家復健活動是一個重要的議題，本篇研究以展望理論為基礎，結合問卷和腦波儀探討不同訊息框架模式的長期說服效果，及自我效能的調節作用。 本研究共有82位身心障礙兒的母親參與，實驗1先運用腦波儀來檢測訊息對受測者專心和放鬆程度的影響力，及自我效能的調節效果，研究結果發現訊息框架直接影響專心與放鬆程度，且雙面訊息最能引起注意力，並與受測者的放鬆程度對居家復健活動的持續執行產生正向作用，不過，自我效能的調節效果卻不明顯。 實驗2以問卷來了解訊息框架對訊息接受度、態度、行為意向和行為頻率的持續改變是否也有效應在，從研究結果得知雙面訊息在行為意向和行為頻率的正向作用都比正向、負向訊息強上許多，至於自我效能的交互作用，只有行為頻率呈現顯著效果，值得注意的是，除了問卷，神經生理反應也可用來解釋行為改變變異量。 本研究提供實證結果支持比起正向和負向訊息，雙面訊息或許較能說服父母執行居家復健活動，雖然腦波儀在理論貢獻仍處於萌芽階段，但這些數據除了讓我們更加了解說服過程背後的生理機制，對訊息設計也提供實務應用上的貢獻。

For children with disability, a home-based program could increase their practicing chances to facilitate development and increase independence. How to design persuasive message to increase parents’ motivation and cooperation with home-based program was the important issue. From the view of prospect theory, this paper integrated questionnaire with the Mind Wave to investigate the long-term persuasive effects of message framing and the moderating influence of self-efficacy. 82 mothers of children with a disability participated in the research. In study 1, the Mind Wave was used to investigate participants’ attention level and relaxation level when receiving a message and the moderating effects of self-efficacy. The results supported that message framing had impact on parents’ attention and relaxation level and participants receiving two-sided message showed the highest attention level. Moreover, both message framing and relaxation level had significant influence on positive behavioral change. However, the moderating effect of self-efficacy was not supported. Study 2 applied the questionnaire to examine whether message framing predicted long-term change in message effectiveness, attitude, behavioral intention and behavioral frequency. The results demonstrated that two-sided message had stronger long-term persuasive effects on behavioral intention and behavioral frequency than gain- and loss-framed message. Only behavioral frequency was affected by framing ×self-efficacy interaction. One thing needed to notice was that physiological responses could be used to explain the variability in behavioral change beyond the questionnaire. The current research provided evidence that two-sided message rather than gain- and loss-framed messages might be the better strategy to prompt parents to engage home-based rehabilitation programs. Although the theoretical implications of Mind Wave were premature at this time, the current findings not only helped us have a deep understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying the persuasive process also gave us practical implications for designing message.

1. perspective. In M. J. Manfredo (Ed.), Influencing human behavior: Theory and applications in recreation, tourism and natural resource management (pp. 1-29). New York: Sagamore Publishing Co Inc.
   連結：
2. Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52,
   連結：
3. and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.
   連結：
4. mammography use. Women Health Issues, 15, 258-264.
   連結：
5. promoting MMR vaccination: evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Psychology, Health
   連結：
6. HIV testing among low-income, ethnic minority women. Health Psychology, 22, 60-67.
   連結：
7. Balleine, B. W. and Killcross, S. (2006). Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of
   連結：
8. Baxer, M. G. & Murray, E. A. (2002). The amygdale and reward. Nature Reviews:
   連結：
9. Neuroscience, 3, 563-573.
   連結：
10. Berry, T. R. & Carson, V. (2010). Ease of imagination, message framing, and physical activity
    連結：
11. messages. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 197-211.
    連結：
12. Blumberg, S. J. (2000). Guarding against threatening HIV prevention message: An
    連結：
13. information-processing model. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 780-795.
    連結：
14. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
    連結：
15. Psychological Review, 84, 191-125.
    連結：
16. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory.
    連結：
17. interaction in high-functioning children with autism: intervention outcomes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 283-298.
    連結：
18. consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7-15.
    連結：
19. computerized and paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 463-477.
    連結：
20. Pretreatment brain activation during Stroop task is associated with outcomes in cocaine-dependent patients. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 998-1104.
    連結：
21. majority norms, and message framing on fruit intake intentions and behaviors in Dutch adults across a 1-week period. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(3), 234-241.
    連結：
22. Chan, M., & Zoellick, R. B. (2011). World report on disability. World Health Organization,
    連結：
23. message tailoring and self-relatedness in smoking cessation programming. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 165-168.
    連結：
24. (2011). Self-related neural response to tailored smoking-cessation messages predicts quitting. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 426-427.
    連結：
25. Cialdini, R., & Goldstein, N. (2004). Social influence: compliance and conformity. Annual
    連結：
26. Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621.
    連結：
27. Corr, P. J. (Ed.). (2008). The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. New
    連結：
28. Cox, A. D., Cox, D., & Zimet, G.. (2006). Understanding consumer response to product risk
    連結：
29. Crowley, A. E., & Hoyer, W. D. (1994). An integrative framework for understanding
    連結：
30. Crowley, K. (2010). Evaluating a brain-computer interface to categorize human
    連結：
31. Davidson, R. J. (1993). Cerebral asymmetry and emotion: Methodological
    連結：
32. conundrums. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 115-138.
    連結：
33. Davidson, R. J. (2004). What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: Perspectives
    連結：
34. waits: Regional brain electrical and autonomic activity in social phobics during anticipation of public speaking. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 85-95.
    連結：
35. the brain: Stability and plasticity during the early childhood years. In L.A. Schmidt & J.
    連結：
36. Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the early start Denver Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17-23.
    連結：
37. rational decision-making in the human brain. Science, 313 (5787), 684-687.
    連結：
38. Department for Education. (2012). Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001.
    連結：
39. Dijksterhuijs, A. (2004). Think Different: The merits of unconscious thought in preference
    連結：
40. development and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
    連結：
41. therapy on daily living skills in children with high-functioning autism and concurrent anxiety disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 257-265.
    連結：
42. for new insights. Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety, 22(4), 11-18.
    連結：
43. in Marketing. 23, 187-198.
    連結：
44. Eisend, M. (2007). Understanding two-sided persuasion: an empirical assessment of
    連結：
45. theoretical approaches. Psychology & Marketing, 24, 615-640.
    連結：
46. Eisend, M. (2010). Explaining the joint effect of source credibility and negativity of
    連結：
47. Eisend, M. (2013). The moderating influence of involvement on two-sided advertising
    連結：
48. health messaging predicts reductions in smoking above and beyond self-report. Health
    連結：
49. persuasion-induced behavior change from the brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 8421-8424.
    連結：
50. Filmer, D. (2008). Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: results from 14
    連結：
51. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to
    連結：
52. Franken, I. H. A. (2002). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts
    連結：
53. alcohol craving. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349-355.
    連結：
54. (2013). Cochrane review: Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group-based parenting programs for early-onset conducting problems in children aged 3 to years (Review). Evidence-based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(2), 318-692.
    連結：
55. attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 101-116.
    連結：
56. Garg, S., & Narvey, R. (2013). Extraction of EEG signal using wavelet transform.
    連結：
57. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 5, 1249-1253.
    連結：
58. Gerend, M. A., & Cullen, M. (2008). Effects of message framing and temporal context
    連結：
59. on college drinking behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1167-1173.
    連結：
60. effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 221-229.
    連結：
61. behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 778-822.
    連結：
62. (2007). International Child Development Steering Group. Developmental Potential in the First5 years For Children in Developing Countries. Lancet, 369, 60-70.
    連結：
63. achieve long-term behavioral changes in person with diabetes. Applied Nursing Research, 24, 22-28.
    連結：
64. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry
    連結：
65. (2005). Emotion-modulated performance and activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Emotion, 5(2): 200-207.
    連結：
66. emotion-regulation: an integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 129-155.
    連結：
67. Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing:
    連結：
68. Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychology Review,
    連結：
69. Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., & McCarthy, G. (2004). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MA: Sinauer Associates.
    連結：
70. self-management of chronic pain: A new perspective on intervention. Psychology and Health, 26(7), 931-947.
    連結：
71. and message framing on exercise intentions, behaviors, and attitudes: an integration of the elaboration likelihood model and prospect theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 179-196.
    連結：
72. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk.
    連結：
73. Econometrica, 47, 263-292.
    連結：
74. in response to alcohol cues. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 78-82.
    連結：
75. Kamens, M. W. (2004). Learning to write IEPs: A personalized, reflective approach for
    連結：
76. Kelly, H. H. (1973). The process of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.
    連結：
77. Kelly, K. M., & Rothman, A. J. (2002). Screening for health and illness: an analysis of how
    連結：
78. Kenning, P., & Plassmann, H. (2005). NeuroEconomics: an overview from an economic
    連結：
79. resonance imaging for market research. Qualitative Market Research, 10 (2), 135-52.
    連結：
80. tailored and threatening nutrition information on message attention. Evidence from an event related potential study. Appetite, 56(1), 32-38.
    連結：
81. up condoms now? The effect of message content on framing effects of condom use messages. Health Psychology, 24, 321-326.
    連結：
82. Kisley, M. A., Campbell, A. M., Larson, J. M., Naftz, A. E., Regnier, J. T., & Davalos, D. B.
    連結：
83. (2011). The impact of verbal framing on brain activity evoked by emotional images. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 10(4), 513-524.
    連結：
84. & Greenfield, S. (1993). Recall of recommendations and adherence to advice among patients with chronic medical conditions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(16), 1869-1878.
    連結：
85. influence of positively framed messages on decision making. Cognitive, behavioral & Neural Science, 10(3), 39-405.
    連結：
86. Krishnamurthy, V., & Srinivasan, R. (2011). Childhood disability screening tools: the South
    連結：
87. Kuhberger, A. (1995). The framing of decisions: A new look at old problems. Organizational
    連結：
88. Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 230-240.
    連結：
89. messages for encouraging disease prevention behavior: is all hope lost? Journal of Health Communication, 12, 645-649.
    連結：
90. regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 86, 205-218.
    連結：
91. intensity: The role of aversive reinforcement, cognitive demand, and trait-BIS. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioural Neuroscience, 12, 287-307.
    連結：
92. of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 421-434.
    連結：
93. Li, S., & Adams, A. S. (1995). Is there something more important behind framing?
    連結：
94. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 216-219.
    連結：
95. Libet, B. (2004). Mind Time: The Temporal Factor in Consciousness, Perspectives in
    連結：
96. Cognitive Neuroscience. Harvard University Press.
    連結：
97. employment-training program for adolescents with disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(3), 228-237.
    連結：
98. M., Pettey, G., & Piccone, G., (2010). Formative research regarding kidney disease health information in a Latino American sample: Associations among message, frame, threat, efficacy, message effectiveness, and behavioral intentions. Communication Education, 59, 344-359.
    連結：
99. countries: Overview of screening, prevention, services, legislation, and epidemiology. Pediatrics, 120, S1‐S55.
    連結：
100. potentiates fMRI-Bold activation to smoking cues in cerebral cortex and dorsal striatum. Psychopharmacology, 204, 25-35.
     連結：
101. foundation for the reinforcement sensitivity theory. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The
     連結：
102. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality (pp.44-94). New York: Cambridge University Press.
     連結：
103. influence of message framing and issue involvement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 853-866.
     連結：
104. http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContentDetails, accessed June 20, 2012
     連結：
105. EngLawContent.aspx?Type=E&id=23, accessed June 20, 2012
     連結：
106. orientations in fear appeals: Promoting AIDS-protective behaviors among Mexican immigrant and African American adolescents and American and Taiwanese college students. Journal of Health Communication, 4, 335-358.
     連結：
107. Myers, R. E. (2010). Promoting healthy behaviors: How do we get the message
     連結：
108. across? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(2010), 500-512.
     連結：
109. related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: Origins and functional
     連結：
110. Nunez, P. L. & Srinivasan, R. (2006). A theoretical basis for standing and traveling brain
     連結：
111. Ohme, R., Matukin, M., & Pacula-Lesniak, B. (2011). Biometric measures for interactive
     連結：
112. advertising research. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 11(2), 60-72.
     連結：
113. Ohme, R., Marukin, M., & Szczurko, T. (2010). Neurophysiology uncovers secrets of TV
     連結：
114. commercials. Journal of Marketing, 49, 133-142.
     連結：
115. EEG asymmetry to advertising research. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 785-793.
     連結：
116. loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 623-644.
     連結：
117. of EEG alpha rhythm reflects activity in deep-brain structures: A simultaneous EEG-fMRI study. Plos One, 8, e66869.
     連結：
118. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2010). Sickness, disability and
     連結：
119. represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning. Nature, 439, 865-870.
     連結：
120. methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predicts relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 761-168.
     連結：
121. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In:
     連結：
122. Berkowitz, L. (eds) Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 19. Florida: Academic Press, pp. 123-205.
     連結：
123. advertising effectiveness: the moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10, 135-145.
     連結：
124. the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J. Bryant J & D. Zillmann (eds.) Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 155-189.
     連結：
125. Posner, M. I. (2004). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention. New York: Guilford.
     連結：
126. Reed, A., Wooten, D.B., & Bolton, L.E. (2002). The temporary construction of
     連結：
127. consumer attitudes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12, 375-388.
     連結：
128. Reed, A., Wooten, D. B., & Bolton, L. E. (2002). The temporary construction of consumer
     連結：
129. attitudes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12, 375-388.
     連結：
130. spectrum disorders in positive behaviour support: an innovative approach. Healthcare Quarterly, 3, 95-99.
     連結：
131. (2007). A randomized, controlled trial of a home-based intervention program for children with autism and developmental delay. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28(4), 308-316.
     連結：
132. test their patients’ level of kidney functioning: The effects of message frame and point of view. Health Communication, 25, 107-118.
     連結：
133. Rothcshild, M., & Hyun, Y. J. (1990). Predicting memory for components of TV
     連結：
134. and loss-framed messages to prompt healthy behavior: How theory can inform practice. Journal of Communication, 56, S202-S220.
     連結：
135. Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate behavior: The role of
     連結：
136. of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 408-433.
     連結：
137. computer-tailored health communications: An event-related potential study. Health Psychology, 25(3), 300-306.
     連結：
138. Schneider, T. R. (2006). Getting the biggest bang for your health education bucks: Message
     連結：
139. framing and reducing health disparities. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 812-822.
     連結：
140. decision-making and drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(2), 116-124.
     連結：
141. Serge, M. & Fabrice, L. L. (2011). On fatalistic long-term health behavior. Journal of
     連結：
142. Settle, R. B., & Golden, L. L. (1974). Attribution theory and advertiser credibility. Journal of
     連結：
143. Marketing Research, 9(1), 85-89.
     連結：
144. message framing on the process of persuasive health messages. Communication Research, 20, 256-266.
     連結：
145. message framing, and health behavior: understanding the congruency effect. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 165-169.
     連結：
146. threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1046-1058.
     連結：
147. sensitivity theory: Implications for personality measurement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 320-335.
     連結：
148. basic motor abilities, quality of movement and everyday activities following intensive, goal-directed, activity-focused physiotherapy in a group setting for children with cerebral palsy. BMC Pediatrics, 27, 10:26.
     連結：
149. Electroencephalogr Clinical Neurophysiology, 106, 173-176.
     連結：
150. Tellis, G. J. (2004). Effective Advertising: Understanding When, How, and Why Advertising
     連結：
151. Treadwell, J. R., & Lenert, L. A. (1999). Health values and prospect theory. Medical Decision
     連結：
152. Troutman, C. S., Burke, K. G.., & Beeler, J. D. (2000). The effects of self-efficacy,
     連結：
153. assertiveness, stress, and gender on intention to turnover in public accounting. Journal of Applied Business Research, 16, 63-74.
     連結：
154. framing on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Behavior Sleep
     連結：
155. Medicine, 9, 38-52.
     連結：
156. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.
     連結：
157. Science, 211, 453-458.
     連結：
158. United Nations. (2006). Development and human rights for all- Article 1.
     連結：
159. http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=261, accessed June 20, 2012
     連結：
160. U.S. Department of Education. (2012). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
     連結：
161. http://idea.ed.gov/, accessed June 20, 2012
     連結：
162. culture, regulatory focus, and the effectiveness of gain- and loss- framed health messages. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 535-541.
     連結：
163. Valente, T. W. (2001). Evaluating communication campaigns. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin
     連結：
164. self-efficacy on the effects of framed health messages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 800-809.
     連結：
165. of self-efficacy on message-framing effects: Reducing salt consumption in the general population. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 165-172.
     連結：
166. message-framing effects: The case of skin-cancer detection. Psychology and Health, 25, 339-349.
     連結：
167. century: The challenge of chronic conditions. World Health Organization , Geneva.
     連結：
168. Wilson, T., & Schooler, J. (1991). Thinking too much: introspection can reduce the quality of
     連結：
169. preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 181-192.
     連結：
170. Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model.
     連結：
171. Witte, K. (1997). Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: Realities,
     連結：
172. Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective
     連結：
173. public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591-615.
     連結：
174. Development and validation of a diagnostic scale. Journal of Health Communication, 4, 317-341.
     連結：
175. Wolburg, J. M. (2006). College student’s responses to antismoking messages: Denial,
     連結：
176. World Health Organization. (2009). World Health Survey. http://www.who.int/health¬
     連結：
177. info/survey/en/, accessed June 20, 2012.
     連結：
178. Wright, P. L. (1974). The harasses decision maker: Time pressures distractions and the use of
     連結：
179. evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 555-561.
     連結：
180. information about AIDS risk and self-efficacy on women’s intentions to engage in AIDS prevention behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1837-1852.
     連結：
181. Zaltman, G. (2003). How Customer Think. Essential Insight into the Mind of the Market.
     連結：
182. Zurawicki, L., & Braidot, N. (2005). Consumers during Crises: Responses from the middle
     連結：
183. Ajzen, I. (1992). Persuasive communication theory in social psychology: A historical
184. 27-51.
185. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-Behavior relations. A theoretical analysis
186. Abood, D. A., Black, D. R., & Coster, D. C. (2005). Loss-framed minimal intervention
187. Abhyankar, P., O’Connor, D. B., & Lawton, R. (2008). The role of message framing in
188. & Medicine, 13(1), 1-16.
189. Apanovitch, A. M., McCarthy, D. & Salovey, P. (2003). Using message framing to motivate
190. amygdale function. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 272-279.
191. Psychology and Health, 13, 623-649.
192. Bartels, R. D., Elo, L. & Rothman, A. J. (2004, May). An analysis of how construct of
193. inoculation interacts with message-based framing appeals. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Chicago, IL.
194. Bauminger, N. (2002). The facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social
195. Bechara, A. Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H. & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future
196. Berlyne, G.E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychology. New York: Meredith.
197. Bines, H., & Lei, P. (2007). Education’s missing millions: including disabled children in
198. education through EFA FTI processes and national sector plans. London: World Vision UK.
199. Booth-Kewley, S., Larson, G. E., & Miyoshi, D. K. (2007). Social desirability effects on
200. Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Potenza, M. J. (2008).
201. Bruijn, G., Visscher, I., & Mollen, S. (2015). Effects of previous fruit intake, descriptive
202. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240685215_eng.pdf, accessed 15 June 2012.
203. Chua, H. F., Liberzonb, I., Welshc, R. C., & Strecher, V. J. (2009). Neural correlates of
204. Chua, H. F., Ho, S. H., Jasinska, A. J., Polk, T. A., Welsh, R. C., Liberzon, I., & Strecher, V. J.
205. Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. B. (2003). Frontal EEG asymmetry and the behavioral
206. activation and inhabitation systems. Psychophysiology, 40, 106-114.
207. York: Cambridge University Press
208. Coster, S., & Norman, I. (2009). Cochrane reviews of educational and self-management
209. interventions to guide nursing practice: A review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 508-528.
210. information. Journal of Marketing, 70, 79-91.
211. two-sided persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 561-574.
212. emotional response. Paper presented at the 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Sousse, Tunisia.
213. on frontal EEG asymmetry research. Biological Psychology, 67, 219-233.
214. Davidson, R. J., Marshall, J. R., Tomarken, A. J., & Henriques, J. B. (2000). While a phobic
215. Davidson, R. J., & Rickman, M. (1999). Behavioral inhibition and the emotional circuitry of
216. Schulkin (Eds.), Extreme Fear, Shyness, and Social Phobia: Origins, Biological Mechanisms, and Clinical Outcomes (pp. 67-87). New York: Oxford University Press.
217. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., &
218. De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2009). Frames, biases, and
219. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents, accessed 15 June 2012.
220. Dickinson, S., & Holmes, M. (2008) Understanding the emotional and coping responses of
221. adolescent individuals exposed to threat appeals. International Journal of Advertising, 27(2), 251-278.
222. 87(5), 586–598.
223. Dillard, J.P., Weber, K.M., & Vail, R.G. (2007). Does perceived message effectiveness cause
224. persuasion or vice versa? 17 consistent answers. Human communication research, 33, 467-488.
225. Dillard, J. P., Weber, K., & Vail, R. G. (2007b). The relationship between the
226. perceived and actual effectiveness of persuasive messages: A meta-analysis with
227. implications for formative campaign research. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 613-631.
228. Drahota, A., Wood, J. J., Sze, K. M., & Van Dyke, M. (2011). Effects of cognitive behavioral
229. Dunegan, K. J. (1993). Framing, cognitive modes, and image theory: Toward an
230. understanding of a glass half full. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 491-503.
231. Elliott, B. (2011). Beyond reviews of road safety mass media campaigns: Looking elsewhere
232. Etgar, M., & Goodwin, S. A. (1982). One-sided versus two-sided comparative message
233. appeals for new brand introductions. Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 460-465.
234. Eisend, M. (2006). Two-sided advertising: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Research
235. information in two-sided messages. Psychology & Marketing, 27, 10332-1049.
236. Effects. Psychology & Marketing, 30, 566–575.
237. Falk, E. B., Berkman, E. T., Whalen, D., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). Neural activity during
238. Psychology, 30(2), 177-185.
239. Falk, E. B., Berkman, E. T., Harrison, B., Mann, T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010). Predicting
240. household surveys. The World Bank Economic Review, 22, 141-163.
241. theory and research reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.
242. Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M.
243. Gallagher, K. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Health message framing effects on
244. Gehring, W. J., & Willoughby, A. R. (2002). The medial frontal cortex and the rapid
245. processing monetary gains and losses. Science, 295, 2279-2282.
246. Gerend, M. A., Shepherd, J. E., & Monday, K. A. (2008). Behavioral frequency moderates the
247. Glassman, L. R., & Albarracin, D. (2006). Forming attitudes that predict future
248. Golden, L. L., & Alpert, M. I. (1987). Comparative analyses of the relative effectiveness of
249. one-sided and two-sided communications for contrasting products, Journal of Advertising, 16(1), 18-28.
250. Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B.
251. Grady, J. L. Entin, E. B., Entin, E. E., & Brunyé, T. T. (2011). Using message framing to
252. into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
253. Herrington, J. D., Mohanty, A., Koven, N. S., Fisher, J. E., & Stewart, J. L., et al.
254. Hijack, G., Macnamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and
255. 109, 679-709.
256. Janke, E. A., Spring, B., & Weaver, F. (2011). The effect of message framing on
257. Jones, L. W., Sinclair, R. C., & Courneya, K. S. (2003). The effects of source credibility
258. Kalpouzos, G, & Eriksson, J. (2013). Memory self-efficacy beliefs modulate brain activity
259. when encoding real-world future intentions. Plos One, 8, e73850.
260. Kambouropoulos, N., & Staiger, P. K. (2009). Cue reward salience’ predicts craving
261. preservice teachers. Intervention in School and Clinic. 40, 76-80.
262. Keller, P. A., & Block, L. G. (1999). The effect of affect-based dissonance versus cognition-
263. based dissonance on motivated reasoning and health-related persuasion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5, 301-313.
264. and when message frames impact behavioral decision-making. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 3-19.
265. perspective. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 343-354.
266. Kenning, P, Plassmann, H., & Ahlert, D. (2007). Applications of functional magnetic
267. Kessels, L. T. E., Ruiter, R. A. C., Brug, J., & Jansma, B. M. (2011). The effects of
268. Kiene, S. M., Barta, W. D., Zelenski, J. M., & Cothran, D. L. (2005). Why are you bringing
269. Kravitz, R. L., Hays, R. D., Sherbourne, C. D., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, W. H., Ordway, L.,
270. Krawitz, A., Fukunaqa, R., & Brown, J. W. (2010). Anterior insula activity predicts the
271. East Asian perspective. A Review for the WHO Office of the South East Asian Region, 1-50.
272. Latimer, A. E., Salovey, P., & Rothman, A. J. (2007). The effectiveness of gain-framed
273. Lee, M. C. (2012). Fear talks: The effects of self-regulatory and message framing on fear
274. appeals in ads. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National Taipei University, Taiwan.
275. Lee, N., Broderick, A. J., & Chamberlain, L. (2007). What is ‘neuromarketing’ ? A discussion
276. and agenda for future research. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63, 199-204.
277. Lee, A. Y., & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: The influence of
278. Leue, A., Lange, S., & Beauducel, A. (2012). Modulation of the conflict monitoring
279. Levin, I. P., & Chapman, D. P. (1990). Risk taking, frame of preference, and characterization
280. Lindsay, S., Adams, T., McDougall, C., & Sanford, R. (2012). Skill development in an
281. Luo, A., & Sullivan, T. J. (2010). A user-friendly SSVEP-based-brain-computer
282. interface using a time-domain classifier. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7(2):26010.
283. Ma, Q., Feng, Y., Xu, Q., Bian, J., & Tang, H. (2012). Brain potentials associated with
284. potcome processing in framing effects. Neuroscience Letters, 528, 110-113.
285. Maguire, K. C., Gardner, J., Sopory, P., Jian, G., Roach, M., Amschlinger, J., Moreno,
286. Maulik, P. K., & Darmstadt G. L. (2007). Childhood disability in low‐ and middle‐income
287. McClernon, F. J., Kozink, R. V., Lutz, A. M., & Rose, J. E. (2009). 24-h smoking abstinence
288. McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2008). The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: A
289. Mikelić, V. M., Bartolović, J., Kosicek T., & Crnković, M. (2011). Educated parent as a key
290. member of rehabilitation team. Acta Clinica Croatica, 50(4), 469-473.
291. Millar, M. G., & Millar, K. U. (2000). Promoting safe driving behaviors: The
292. Ministry of Education. (2003). Enforcement Rules for the Special Education Act.
293. Ministry of Education. (2009). The Special Education Act. http://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/
294. Murray-Johnson, L., Witte, K., Liu, W., & Hubbel, A. P. (2001). Addressing cultural
295. Nieuwenhuis, S. Holroyd, C. B., Mol, N., & Coles, M. G. H. (2004). Reinforcement-
296. significance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 441-448.
297. waves measured with human EEG with implications for an integrated consciousness. Clinical Neurophysiology, 11, 2424-2435.
298. Ohme, R., Reykowska, D., Wiener, D., & Choromanska, A. (2010). Application of frontal
299. O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2007). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and
300. Omata, K., Hanakawa, T., Morimoto, M., & Honda, M. (2013). Spontaneous slow fluctuation
301. Oono, I. P., Honey, E. J., & McConachie, H. (2013). Parent-mediated early intervention with
302. autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The Cochrance Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013 Apr 30;4:CD009774. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009774.pub2., accessed July, 15.
303. work: breaking the barriers. A synthesis of findings across OECD countries. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010.
304. Paton, J. J., Belova, M. A., Morrison, S. E., & Salzman, C. D. (2006). The primate amygdala
305. Paulus, M. P., Tapert, S. F., & Schuckit, M. A. (2005). Neural activation patterns of
306. Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to
307. Petty, R. E., Priester, J. R., & Brinol, P. (2002). Mass media attitude change: implications of
308. Reynolds, S., Lynch, S.L., & Litman, S. (2011). Training care teams of children with autism
309. Rickards, A. L., Walstab, J. E., Wright-Rossi, R. A., Simpson, J., & Reddihough, D. S.
310. Roberto, A. J., Goodall, C. E., West, P. M., & Mahan, J. D. (2010). Persuading physicians to
311. Rodgers, W., & Gauvin, L. (1998). Heterogeneity of incentives for physical-activity and
312. self-efficacy in highly and moderately active women exercises. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1016-1029.
313. commercials from EEG. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(4), 472-478.
314. Rothman, A. J., Bartels, R. D., Wlaschin, J., & Salovey, P. (2006). The strategic use of gain-
315. message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 3-19.
316. Rothman, A. J., Salovey, P., Antone, C., Keough, K., & Martin, C. D. (1993). The influence
317. Ruiter, R. A. C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001). Scary perceptions to motivate healthy
318. behavior: the role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 3-19.
319. Ruiter, A. C., Kessels, T. E., Jansma, B. M., & Brug, J. (2006). Increased attention for
320. Sanaktekin, Ö. H., & Sunar, D. (2008). Persuasion and relational versus personal bases of
321. self-esteem: Does the message need to be one- or two-sided? Social Behavior and Personality, 36(10), 1315-1332.
322. Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., & Stalnaker, T. A. (2006). Orbitofrontal cortex,
323. Economic Psychology, 32(3), 434-439.
324. Shen, L., & Dillard, J. P. (2007). The influence of behavioral inhibition/approach systems and
325. Sherman, D. K., Mann, T., & Updegraff, J. A. (2006). Approach/avoidance motivation,
326. Sherman, D. A. K., Nelson, L. D., & Steele, C. M. (2000). Do messages about health risks
327. Smillie, L. D., Pickering, A. D., & Jackson, C. J. (2006a). The new reinforcement
328. Sorsdahl, A. B., Moe-Nilssen, R., Kaale, H. K., Rieber, J., & Strand, L. I., (2010). Change in
329. Stephenson, M. T., & Witte, K. (1998). Fear, threat, and perceptions of efficacy from
330. frightening skin cancer messages. Public Health Reviews, 26, 147-174.
331. Swartz, B. E. (1998). Timeline of the history of EEG and associated field.
332. Works. New York: SAGE Publications, Inc
333. Making, 12, 183-206.
334. Trupp, R. J., Corwin, E. J., & Ahijevych, K. L. (2011). The impact of educational message
335. Uskul, A. K., Sherman, D. K., & Fitzgibbon, J. (2009). The cultural congruency effect:
336. (Eds.), Public Communication Campaigns (3rd ed., pp. 105-124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
337. van’t Riet, J., Ruiter, R. A. C., Werrij, M. Q., & de Vries, H. (2008). The influence of
338. van’t Riet, J., Ruiter, R. A. C., Smerecnik, C., & de Vries, H. (2010). Examining the influence
339. van’t Riet, J., Ruiter, R. A. C., Werrij, M. Q., & de Vries, H. (2010). Self-efficacy moderates
340. World Health Organization (2005a). Preparing a health care workforce for the 21st
341. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.
342. myths, and the hard fact truths. Journal of Community Health, 22, 137-154.
343. Witte, K., Cameron, K., McKenon, J., & Berkowitz, J. (1996). Predicting risk behaviors:
344. defiance, and other boomerang effects. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 40(Winter), 294-323.
345. Yeung, N., Holroyd, C. B., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). ERP collates of feedback and reward
346. processing in the presence and absence of response choice. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 535-544.
347. Yzer, M. C., Fisher, J. D., Bakker, A. B., Siero, F. W., & Misovich, S. J. (1998). The effects of
348. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.
349. class in Argentina. Journal of Business Research, 58, 1100-09.