Perception of People with Disabilities in the Physical Activity Context: From Ecological Perspectives

失能者對身體活動環境的知覺探討：從生態系統觀點論

10.6497/BSEPT.20031101_(3).0008

劉淑燕(Suyen Liu)

知覺 ； 失能 ； 生態系統觀點 ； 環境賦使 ； 環境限制 ； 身體活動環境 ； perception ； disability ； ecological perspective ； affordance ； physical activity context

臺灣運動心理學報

3期（2003 / 11 / 01）

127 - 141

英文

本研究主要目的是從生態系統的觀點（ecological perspectives）來探討失能者對身體活動環境的知覺，進而討個體與環境如何藉由這些知覺而彼此互相影響。 本研究以立意抽樣的方式選擇十二位具有腦性麻痺（N=4）、肌肉萎縮（N=2）、輪椅（N=4）、與脊柱裂傷（N=2）障礙的失能者（年齡12-6歲）進行『環境限制』的因素；即1.社會與地理環境的孤立（social & geographic isolation）、缺乏互動關係（lack of interaction）、缺乏技能（lack of skills）、缺乏金錢（cost）、與缺乏資訊（lack of knowledge）。以上五個因素各因素間的Cronbach α系數範圍從0.72-0.48。 本研究發現失能者知覺其從事身體活動的機會受到限制，而這些限制和學者專家所認定的限制失能者身體活機會的阻礙有所出入。本研究支持環境賦使（affordance）來自個體直接的知覺，並由於身體活動環境的階導致的正、反面經驗與覺知，深深的影響到失能者從事身體活的動機與機會。 本研究亦發現前置的資訊與技能準備、經常接觸（frequent contacts）、共同合作（cooperative effort）、低收費（lower rate）、以及少許配套協助（minimal accomodation）等要點顯然能增進失能者參與身體活動和導引學生發展正向的自我概念。

This study examined perception of persons with disabilities in the physical activity context from ecological perspectives to discover how the persons and environment influenced each other by these perceptions. Twelve participants with disabilities (4cerebral palsy, 2 muscular dystrophy, 4 wheelchair, and 2 spina bifida, age 12-16, participated in this survey. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and factor analysis to identify patterns within the findings and to assess relationships among key variables. A reliability analysis was performed on each of five dimensions. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were ranging from 0.72 to 0.84. Results from interview survey that investigated constrained variables to the recreational sport context provide empirical evidence of the relative importance of various criterion variables (environmental constraints such as social/geographic isolation, skill, interaction, and knowledge, and cost). The findings showed how persons with disabilities themselves believe their recreational sport and leisure to be compromised, as opposed to how researchers and practitioners may assume constraints to affect recreational sport opportunity for persons with disabilities. The study also provides support for the conceptualization of constrained recreational sport context as an “affordance” from individuals’ direct perceptions, and generates a new proposition about the perceived experiences and constraints profoundly affect the positive and negative affordances from the physical activity context (environment). Findings from this study also support that interplay characterized by prior preparation of knowledge and skills, frequent contacts, cooperative efforts, lower cost rate, and minimal accommodations appeared most likely to enhance participation and contribute positively to self-concept of people with disabilities in the physical activity context.

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