從灼聚凶猾的馬儈到抗禮王公的名儒－子張新論

The New Discussion on Zizhang

10.6973/CJ.201212.0237

劉國平(Guo-Ping Liou)

子張 ； 孔門弟子 ； 有教無類 ； 顓孫師 ； Zizhang ； Confucius' Disciples ； Education Without Discrimination ； Juan suen-Shr

國文學誌

25期（2012 / 12 / 01）

237 - 258

繁體中文

子張為孔門晚進弟子，十分賢能，卻有同門說他「未仁」與「難與並為仁」。又有魯人、陳人的爭議，乃至出身如何？何時跟隨孔子學習？其學行如何？何時回陳教授？這些都有問題。學界之研究成果，亦頗不一致。本論文盡量蒐求相關典籍，並應用敘事、邏輯、時序、事理、語法等方法或工具，重新探索。確定子張為陳國野人，年輕時即為馬市仲介，結交凶狠狡猾之徒，可能操控市場交易價格。十五歲時，隨孔子學習，因頗有能力，甚得孔子器重，孔子死後曾回陳教授，後來魯出仕，終老於魯。其人理想高超，極重仁義，篤實踐履，至孔子曾許其仁。同門子游、曾子亦自嘆不如其仁，曾子服母喪亦仍往哭之。他心胸開闊，於人無所不納，終於開宗立教，成一大派。而從卑微邪曲之出身，接受聖教，終於化成名儒，抗禮王公，其志心值得效法，也印證了孔子「（人）只有教化之不同，沒有類別的差異」（有教無類）的教育論述。

Zizhang is the later period student of Confucius, and he is a sage student. However, a classmate thought him ”has not reached the situation of benevolence”. And there had a controversy of he is a person from Lu or Chen, and what was hid background? When did he follow behind Confucius? How was his knowledge and morality? When did he return to Chen country to teach? These questions were suspicious. The research results of academia were different. This thesis possibly researched related data, and applies to recount, logic, cycle time, matter reason, phrasing and methods or tools and re- research. It confirmed Zizhang was a farmer from Chen country, and he was an agent of horse market when he was young. He made sly and cunning friends and they may control the price of the horse market. When he was 15, he followed Confucius. Because he was competent, Confucius looked up to him. He ever came back to Chen country to teach after Confucius died. And he got an official position in Lu and died in Lu. He had high dream and cared about benevolence and brothership and realistic, even Confucius ever praised him about benevolence. His classmates Ziyou and Zeng ever said they were not as good as his benevolence. Even Zeng went to cry for Zizhang’s death during mourning of his mother. He was a generous person and accepted different people, finally had a big organization. He was baseborn and learned from Confucius, finally became a famous Confucian scholar. And he equalized with nobilities. His ambition was worth for learning and proved the education idea ”Education Without Discrimination” by Confucius.

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