An Analysis of the Factors that Evoke Unjustified Hostile Aggression

引起非合理攻擊之因素分析

10.7040/GJ.200406.0067

林怡真(Yi-Jen Lin)

生氣 ； 暴力 ； 攻擊 ； aggression ； anger ； aversive

彰化師大輔導學報

26卷1期（2004 / 06 / 01）

67 - 84

英文

敵對性（情緒性）攻擊之產生的原因主要是為了去傷害別人，它通常是伴隨著強烈的負面情緒狀態，而生氣是最常被認為引起敵對性攻擊的因素之一，而且在大部分的情況，他人不合理的錯誤行為主要是引發生氣的原因。如果「認為他人的錯誤行為是蓄意且不合理」是引發敵對性暴力的必要條件，那顯示複雜的認知評鑑過程在引發敵對性攻擊是一項必要的中介過程。然而，Berkowitz 強調，要引起憤怒或敵對性攻擊，他人不合理的錯誤行為或複雜的認知評鑑並不一定總是需要，為了要更清楚的了解這個議題，仔細的比較與分析這領域已存的文獻是需要的。本文的主要目的是回顧與分析有關於「非合理性攻擊」的相關理論與研究。首先，我將辨別「攻擊」、「生氣」與「敵對」等三者在定義上的差異。然後，我將提出學者對於造成生氣與敵對性攻擊之原因的不同觀點；之後，我將提出 Berkowitz 的「認知－新聯結模式」來說明生氣與攻擊產生的過程，然後回顧與分析有關非合理性攻擊的實徵性研究，這些研究探討了包含惡劣的環境條件、生理上的痛苦與負面的情緒對暴力的影響；最後，我將討論自我注意對於緩和或強化暴力的影響；最後，我將對於未來研究提出一些建議。

Hostile (emotional) aggression, characterized as the behaviors with main intent to injure others, is often accompanied by strong negative emotional states. Anger is most thought of as factor that instigates the hostile aggression and most of the time it is believed that unjustified misdeed is the cause of anger. The perception of the misdeed as being voluntary and unjustified are usually claimed to be necessary for anger and hostile aggression to arouse, and that demonstrates that complicated cognitive appraisals are required to make this happen. However, Berkowitz argued, to arouse anger or aggression, “unjustified” or “deliberate” misdeeds or complex cognitive appraisals are not always necessary. To understand the issue more clearly, it is necessary to explore this topic by critically reviewing and comparing the existing studies on this field so that the phenomenon of unjustified aggression can be better clarified. the aim of this article is to pursue a critical review of theoretical perspectives and research on the issues of anger and unjustified aggression. I will first provide the distinction between aggression, anger and hostility, and then talk about different perspectives on the causes of anger and aggression. next, I will present the Berkowitz’s cognitive-neoassociationistic model to describe the processes of how anger and aggression are generated, and then review the empirical research related to the effects of aversive events on anger/aggression, including unpleasant environmental conditions, physical pain and negative mood. And then, the issue of self-focused attention on aggression will be discussed. Finally, I will propose some suggestions for future research on this topic.

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