累犯暴力犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀之發展與演變

The Development and Transitions of Violent Recidivists' Criminal Careers and Self-Views

10.29607/ZHWHGX.200312.0003

吳芝儀(Chih-Yi Wu)

暴力 ； 累犯 ； 暴力犯罪 ； 犯罪生涯 ； 自我觀 ； 敘事研究 ； Recidivists ； Violence ； Violent Crime ； Criminal Careers ； Self-Views ； Narrative Research

犯罪學期刊

6卷2期（2003 / 12 / 01）

127 - 176

繁體中文

本研究目的在探索具有多次犯罪記錄的累犯暴力犯罪者犯罪生涯的發展歷程，以及對各發展階段中「自我」整體的看法、態度與感覺—即犯罪者的「自我觀」，以了解累犯暴力犯罪者對生涯事件與自我的主觀覺知對其暴力犯罪行為的影響。 本研究奠基於詮釋互動論的觀點，藉助敘事訪談來蒐集資料。受訪者有五位，均有一次以上前科記錄，並分別因盜匪罪及殺人罪被判處十三年重刑及無期徒刑，犯案時年齡介於二十歲至四十歲之間，受訪時年齡則在二十八歲至四十四歲之間。 依據資料分析結果，本研究將累犯暴力犯罪者的生涯發展歷程歸納為五個主要階段，各有其生涯主題。包括：(1)童年時期是「乖小孩」，(2)前青少年期是「開始變壞」，(3)後青少年期是「急遽惡化」，(4)成年前期是「向下沈淪」，(5)成年後期是「犯罪深淵」。換句話說，受訪者的犯罪生涯是從前青少年期國中階段誤入歧途開始變壞之後，就愈趨嚴重惡化，一路向下沈淪，直墜犯罪深淵。對應於各階段犯罪生涯發展歷程，暴力犯罪者自我觀的演變，則從文靜乖巧、愛玩叛逆、價値扭曲、矛盾心態，到自我痲痺。 這些犯罪者偏差行為的發展，在前青少年期主要受到來自於家庭、學校和同儕的影響，而出現抽煙、喝酒、吃檳榔、打撞球、蹺課、蹺家等「不良行為」及打群架的「輕度暴力行為」；輟學遊蕩或在聲色娛樂場所打滾的後青少年期，則受到家庭、工作單位、和同儕的影響，而發生偷竊搶劫、威脅恐嚇、飙車砍人、製造爆裂物等諸多「中度暴力行為」；以致成年前期多因犯罪而被判刑收押，在軍監、少觀所、感化院等機構度過，機構同儕或其他朋友的影響更形深遠；離開機構之後的成年中期，因工作所需、為新家庭經濟籌謀、擴展的人際網絡，更出現吸食毒品、恐嚇勒索、持械搶劫、強盜殺人等「重度暴力行為」，終於使得這些犯罪者分別以「盜匪罪」和「殺人罪」等罪名判刑定讞。 最後，本研究則嘗試歸納分析暴力犯罪者的暴力行為發展機制，及暴力行為發展歷程，稱為「暴力化」的四個段：(1)接觸暴力，(2)被動式暴力，(3)主動式暴力，以及(4)暴力成性。

The purposes of this study are to investigate violent recidivists' perceptions of their criminal careers and their selves during the life-span development, and to understand the impacts of these perceptions on their own violent criminal acts. As an exploratory study, this research administered descriptive research tools such as narrative interviewing to five violent recidivists on a one-to-one base, to explore their views on significant career events and the selves. Data were analyzed in terms of procedures explicated by interpretive interactionism. The findings of this study include the developmental stages of the recidivists' criminal careers and their changing views of the self, the mechanism for the shaping of violent behaviors, and the processes of becoming violent.

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