以社會學習的觀點看父母期望、父母教養方式對學童運動選手害怕失敗的影響

The Influence of Family Socialization Process on Children's Fear of Failure

10.6406/JNCKUPER.201110_43(2).0004

林俊廷；卓國雄

逃避動機 ； 親子關係 ； 社會化 ； avoidance motivation ； parent-child relationship ； socialization

成大體育學刊

43卷2期（2011 / 10 / 01）

43 - 55

繁體中文

目的：探討學童運動選手害怕失敗與父母期望、教養方式等社會化有關變項的關連性。方法：本研究對象為國小躲避球賽選手，共計320位，男生200名、女生120名（年齡介於9歲到12歲之中）。每位受試對象都接受學童選手運動表現害怕失敗評估量表、子女知覺父母教養方式量表、父母調查量表的施測。結果：經積差相關分析發現害怕失敗與父母期望及父母溺愛、疏忽管教、嚴格專制等教養方式有顯著正相關，但卻與開明自主的教養方式方無關；在典型相關分析中顯示，嚴格專制的教養方式與學童選手的害怕棄離、害怕責罰、害怕丟臉呈現正相關型態；而父母溺愛的教養方式與害怕責罰有正相關，但與害怕辜負期望、害怕棄離則呈負相關型態；疏忽管教的教養方式與害怕棄離有正相關型態。結論：本研究結果支持父母期望和教養方式與學童運動選手之害怕失敗有關。建議家長在學童階段應採取開明自主的教養方式，並不應對學童有過高的或不切實際的期望才不致於產生害怕失敗的心理傾向。

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between child athletes' fear of failure and their parenting style that include parents' expectation and family socialization process. Methods: The sample consisted of 320 elementary children athletes (200 male and 120 female). All the subjects were asked to complete a series of paper-and-pencil questionnaire measuring children athlete performance failure appraisal inventory, parenting style, children perceived parental expectations. Results: The Canonical Correlation Analysis there are three set of canonical correlations emerged, including; parents' strict authoritarian positive correlation between child-rearing methods and fear of discard, punishment, humiliation, parents' doting rearing pattern was positive correlation with the fear of punishment but was negative correlation with the fear of live up to expectations and fear of abandon, parents' neglect of discipline rearing was positive correlation with the fear of abandon. Conclusion: Obviously, there was correspond the result of this research assumption that parents' expectation and educating method had obviously effect to fear of failure, especially children athletes cognitive parents' breeding style were strict authoritarian and doting reaction more obvious psychological fear of failure.

1. 卓國雄、盧俊宏(2008)。學童選手表現害怕失敗評估量表發展之研究。教育學刊，30，167-192。
   連結：
2. 卓國雄、盧俊宏(2005)。害怕失敗動機之結構與深層意義。大專體育，76，99-105。
   連結：
3. Morgan, C.& Murray, H.A.(1935). A method for investigating fantasies: The thematic Apperception Test. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry,34, 289-306.
4. Atkinson, J. W.(ed.)(1958).Motives in fantasy, action, and social.Princeton, NJ:Van Nostrand.
5. Bandura, A.(1977).Social learning theory.Englewood Cliffs, N . J.:Prentice-Hall.
6. Bandura, A.,Adms, N. E.,Beyer, J.(1977).Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change.Journal of Peraonality and Social Psychology,35,125-139.
7. Barlow, D. H.(2002).Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic.New York:Guilford.
8. Birney, R. C.,Burdick, H.,Teevan, R. C.(1969).Fear of failure.New York:Van Nostrand.
9. Bowlby, J.(1982).Attachment and loss volume 1: Attachment.New York:Basic Books.
10. Bowlby, J.(1979).The making and breaking of affectional bonds.London:Routledge.
11. Burton, A .(ed.)(1976).What makes behavior change possible?.New York:Brunner & Mazel.
12. Conroy, D. E.(2001).Fear of failure: An exemplar for social development research in sport.Quest,53,165-183.
13. Conroy, D. E.(2003).Representatational models associated with fear of failure in adolescents and young adults.Journal of Personality,71,757-783.
14. Conroy, D.,Poczwardowski, A.,Henschen, K. P.(2001).Evaluative criteria and performing artists.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,13,300-322.
15. Elliot, A. J.,Church, M. A.(1997).A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,72,218-232.
16. Elliot, A. J.,Sheldon, K. M.(1997).Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,73,171-185.
17. Field, A. P.,Lawson, J.(2003).Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: Effects on implicit fear responses and behavioral avoidance.Behavior Research and Therapy,41,1277-1293.
18. Johnsen(ed.)(1987).Advances in test anxiety research.Amsterdam:Swets & Zeitlinger.
19. Sagar, S. S.,Lavallee, D.,Spray, C. M.(2009).Coping with the effects of fear of failure: A preliminary investigation of young elite athletes.Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,3,73-98.
20. Schwarzer, R.(ed.),Van der Ploeg, H. M.(ed.),Spielberger, C. D.(ed.)(1989).Advances in test anxiety research.Amsterdam:Swets & Zeitlinger.
21. Sigel, I. E.(Ed.),McGillicuddy-De Lisi., A.V.(Ed.),Goodnow, J. J.(Ed.)(1992).Parental belief system: The psychological consequences for children.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
22. Singh, S.(1992).Hostile press measure of fear of failure and its relation to child-rearing attitudes and behavior problems.Journal of Social Psychology,132,397-399.
23. Teevan, R. C.,McGhee, G.(1972).Childhood development of fear of failure motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,21,345-348.
24. Thrash, T. M.,Elliot, A. J.(1999).Intregenerational transmission of the fear of failure motives.The annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,Boston, MA:
25. Wetzel, K. R.(1999).Social-motivational processes and interpersonal relationships: Implications for understanding students' academic success.Journal of Educational Psychology,91,76-97.
26. 呂勝瑛(1989)。諮商理論與技術。台北:五南。
27. 高淑芳、陸洛(2001)。父母管教態度與國中生升學考試壓力感受之關係。應用心理研究，10，221-250。
28. 張玨、曾嫦嫦、葉莉薇(1987)。兒童考試焦慮危險因子的探討。中華心理學刊，29，93-112。
29. 許玉芳(2008)。屏東市，國立屏東教育大學。
30. 陳小娥、蘇建文(1987)。父母教養行為與少年生活適應。教育心理學報，10，91-106。
31. 劉淑媛(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台南市，國立成功大學。
32. 蔡順良(1985)。家庭社經地位、父母管教態度與學校環境對國中學生自我肯定及生回是應之影響研究。教育心理學報，18，239-264。
33. 蘇建文(1966)。兒童及青少年基本情緒之縱貫研究。教育心理學報，13，79-102。

1. 蘇泓誠(Hung-Cheng Su);陳佳欣(Chia-Hsin Chen)(2022)。不同心態之臺灣學生成就動機與數學素養關聯研究。臺灣數學教育期刊。9(2)。63-86。