開放式與封閉式運動對運動員與老年人認知功能的效益

The Beneficial Effects of Open- and Closed-exercise Modes on Cognition in Athletes and Elder Adults

10.6406/JNCKUPER.201510_47(2).0002

黃舒妤；王駿濠；蔡佳良

運動型態 ； 神經認知表現 ； 大腦 ； exercise mode ； neurocognitive performance ； brain

成大體育學刊

47卷2期（2015 / 10 / 02）

14 - 23

繁體中文

運動除了可以改善身體生理上的健康，同時也會對心理的認知層面產生正向的效果，然而，從事哪種運動型態對認知功能的效益較佳仍有待研究探討。有鑑於此，本文嘗試以運動型態為主軸(開放式運動vs.封閉式運動)，探討此兩類運動與認知功能之間的關聯性。本文首先從競技運動的角度探討從事開放式和封閉式運動型態的運動員其認知表現的差異，隨後再從健身運動的角度了解從事此兩種運動型態的老年人，其認知表現是否也會有不同的效果。經文獻回顧後發現，從事開放式和封閉式的運動員確實在某些認知作業(例如：抑制性控制、準備歷程)的行為表現有所不同，顯示不同的運動訓練環境對認知功能的影響亦不盡相同；除此之外，短期或長期規律參與這兩種運動型態的老年人，其行為和認知電生理表現亦有所差異。這些研究幾乎支持從事開放式運動的人，在相同的有氧能力狀況下，所獲得的認知效益會較優於從事封閉式運動的人。藉由上述的文獻回顧發現，運動型態可能是調節認知功能的重要因子之一，亦即從事富含環境刺激的開放式運動訓練或身體活動，對於某些認知功能(例如：抑制性控制、作業轉換、準備歷程…等)應該會有較佳的促進效果。

Exercise can improve not only physical health but also neurocognitive performances. However, it remains unknown whether the neurocognitive effects were modulated by different exercise modes. Accordingly, this review aimed to discuss the relationship between exercise modes (open-skilled vs. closed-skilled) and cognitive functioning. We firstly explore the differences in behavioral performance in athletes from different exercise modes and, then, examine the effects of participation in different modes of physical exercise on neurocognitive performances in the older adults. The reviewed findings revealed that sport modes may modulate the inhibitory control and temporal preparation in athletes, with the evidence showing that those participating in open-skilled sport had a behavioral advantage over those in close-skilled one. Similar findings can also be observed from the behavioral and cognitive electrophysiological performances in the elderly. Accordingly, these findings indicate that some cognitive domains (e.g., inhibitory control, temporal preparation, and task switching) could be modulated by the execution of the open-skilled exercises via complex environments that engage rich cognitive loadings.

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