感官追求與風險傾向對休閒潛水參與行為快樂價值之影響

The Effect of Sensation Seeking and Perceived Risk on Diving Participants' Hedonic Value and Behaviors

10.6406/JNCKUPER.202304_55(1).0002

張景弘(Ching-Hung Chang)；隆旻家(Min-Chia Long)；劉昆祐(Kun-Yu Liu)

休閒潛水 ； 感官搜尋 ； 風險傾向 ； 快樂價值 ； 參與行為 ； diving ； sensation seeking ； perceived risk ； hedonic value ； participation behavior

成大體育學刊

55卷1期（2023 / 04 / 01）

17 - 38

繁體中文;英文

目的：本研究主旨在探討休閒潛水活動參與者之「感官追求」及「風險傾向」對潛水活動參與者的「快樂價值」與「參與行為」之影響。方法：採用立意取樣法進行抽樣調查。發放問卷310份，有效問卷303份，回收問卷有效率為97.7%。建立資料後以SPSS 23.0進行皮爾森積差相關分析與多元階層迴歸分析進行檢測。結果：研究結果顯示：感官追求與風險傾向部份正向影響參與行為，特別在導入追求快樂價值後，更能明顯增強正向影響參與行為。結論：實務意涵與建議將可做為未來潛水業者培養教練之參考依據與經營方向。

Purpose: This study explored the effect of sensation seeking and perceived risk on diving participants' happiness and participation behaviors. Methods: Judgement sampling method was utilized for data collection. A total of 310 questionnaires were distributed, with 303 valid questionnaires obtained. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis via the SPSS 23.0. Results: Results revealed that sensation seeking and perceived risk positively affected hedonic value and participation behaviors. Hedonic value also mediated the relationship between sensation seeking, perceived risk and participation behavior. Conclusion: Managerial implications and suggestions can benefit to diving operators for future business development.

1. 江昱仁、蔡進發、沈易儒、張翔（2008）。激流泛舟遊客刺激尋求休閒效益與幸福感之研究–以荖濃溪為例。生物與休閒事業研究，6(2)，33–56。
   連結：
2. 黃玉琴、周彥呈、吳忠宏(2013)。釣客人格特質、知覺風險與休閒效益關係之研究。休閒產業管理學刊，6 (1)，1-22。
   連結：
3. 鄭政宗、張君如、曾雅秀（2008）。青少年同儕關係、知覺風險、水域運動態度及水域運動參與之研究-以澎湖地區為例。朝陽學報，13，175-204。
   連結：
4. Andrucci, G. L., Archer, R. P., Pancoast, D. L., & Gordon, R. A. (1989). The relationship of MMPI and sensation seeking scales to adolescent drug use. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53(2), 253-266.
   連結：
5. Bentley, T. A., Page, S. J., & Laird, I. S. (2001). Accidents in the New Zealand adventure tourism industry. Safety Science, 38, 31-48.
   連結：
6. Campbell, J. B., Tyrrell, D. J., & Zingaro, M. (1993). Sensation seeking among whitewater canoe and kayak paddlers. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(3), 489-491.
   連結：
7. Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 27(2), 317-325.
   連結：
8. Clement, R., & Jonah, A. B. (1984). Field dependence, sensation seeking, and driving behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(1), 87-93.
   連結：
9. Crosby, L. A., Evans, K. R., & Cowles, D. (1990). Relationship quality in service selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective. Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 68-81.
   連結：
10. Cronin, C. (1991). Sensation seeking among mountain climbers. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(6), 653-654.
    連結：
11. Franques, P., Auriacombe, M., Piquemal, E., Verger, M., Brisseau-Gimenez, S., Grabot, D., et al. (2003). Sensation seeking as a common factor in opioid dependent subjects and high risk sport practicing subjects. A cross sectional study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(2), 121-126.
    連結：
12. Freixanet, M. G. (1991). Personality profile of subjects engaged in high physical risk sports. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(10), 1087-1093.
    連結：
13. Gartner, W.C. (1993). Image formation process. In M. Uysal & D.R. Fesenmaier(Eds.), The promotion of destination regions (pp. 191-215). New York, NY: Haworth.
    連結：
14. Gilchrist, H., Povey, R., Dickinson, A., & Povey, R. (1995). The sensation seeking scale: Its use in a study of the characteristics of people choosing ‘adventure holidays.’ Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 513-516.
    連結：
15. Hartman, M. L., & Rawson, H. E. (1992). Differences in and correlates of sensation seeking in male and female athletes and nonathletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 805-812.
    連結：
16. Hightower, R., Brady, M., & Baker, T. (2002). Investigating the role of the physical environment in hedonic service consumption: An exploratory study of sporting events. Journal of Retailing, 55, 697-707.
    連結：
17. Holbrook, M. B. (1986). Emotion in the consumption experience: Toward a new model of the human consumer. In R.A. Peterson, W.D. Hoyer & W.R. Wilson(Eds.), The role of affect in consumer behavior: Emerging theories and applications (pp. 17– 52). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    連結：
18. Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal Consumer Research, 18, 132–144. DOI: 10.1086/208906
    連結：
19. Hong, J-C., Lin, P-H. & Hsieh, P-C. (2017). The effect of consumer innovativeness on percieved value and continuance intention to use smartwatch. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 264-272.
    連結：
20. Hoyle, R. H., Fejfar, M. C., & Miller, J. D. (2000). Personality and sexual risk-taking: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality, 68(6), 1203-1231.
    連結：
21. Hoyle, R.H., Stephenson, T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R.L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 401-444.
    連結：
22. Johnson, D. & Grayson, K. (2005). Cognitive and affective trust in service relationships Journal of Business Research, 58(4), 500-507.
    連結：
23. Law, R., & Au, N. (2000). Relationship modeling in toursim shopping: A decision rules induction approach. Tourism Management, 21(3), 241-249.
    連結：
24. Levinson, M. R. (1990). Risk-taking and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1073-1080.
    連結：
25. Lee, T. H., & Crompton, J. L. (1992). Measuring novelty seeking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 732-751.
    連結：
26. Lin, S. S. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2002). Sensation seeking and internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(4), 411-426.
    連結：
27. Meertens, R. M., & Lion, R. (2008). Measuring an individual's tendency to take risks: The risk propensity scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(6), 1506-1520.
    連結：
28. Pizam, A., Reichel, A., & Uriely, N. (2002). Sensation seeking and tourist behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 9(3/4), 17-33.
    連結：
29. Pizam, A., Jeong, G.-H., Reichel, A., van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J. M., Steynberg, L., State-Costache, O., Volo, S., Kroesbacher, C., Kucerova, J., & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 251-260.
    連結：
30. Ragheb, M. G., & Griffith, C. A. (1982). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 295-306.
    連結：
31. Robinson, D. W. (1992). A descriptive model of enduring risk recreation involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 52-63.
    連結：
32. Reisinger, Y. & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
    連結：
33. Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17-26.
    連結：
34. Sarin, R. K., & Weber, M. (1993). Risk-value models. European Journal of Operations Research, 70(2), 135-149.
    連結：
35. Schroth, M. L. (1995). A comparison of sensation seeking among different groups of athletes and nonathletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 18 (2), 219-222.
    連結：
36. Schroth, M.L., & W.A. McCormack. (2000). Sensation seeking and need for achievement among study abroad students. The Journal of Social Psychology 140, 533–5.
    連結：
37. Timothy, D. J., & Butler, R. W. (1995). Cross-border shopping: A North American perspective. Annals of Toursim Research, 22(1), 16-34.
    連結：
38. Verhoef, P. C., Franses, P. H., & Hoekstra, J. C. (2002). The effect of relational constructs on customer referrals and number of services purchased from a multiservice provider: Does age of relationship matter? Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 202-216.
    連結：
39. Zuckerman, M., Kolin, E. A., Price, L., & Zoob, I. (1964). Development of a sensation-seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28(6), 477-482.
    連結：
40. Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36 (1), 45-52.
    連結：
41. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking. Wiley Online Library.
    連結：
42. Zuckerman, M., & Neeb, M. (1980). Demographic influences in sensation seeking and expressions of sensation seeking in religion, smoking and driving habits. Personality and Individual Differences, 1(3), 197-206.
    連結：
43. Zuckerman, M. (1983). Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and anxiety. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc.
    連結：
44. Zuckerman, M. (2000). Personality and risk-taking common biosocial factors. Journal of Personality, 68 (6), 999-1029.
    連結：
45. 林晏州（1984）。「遊憩者選擇遊憩區行為之研究」。都市計劃，10，33-49。
46. 高俊雄（1998）。「林口社區居民休閒參與型態之研究–核心模式之應用與驗證」。國立體育學院論叢，2(9)，77-91。
47. 陳鴻雁（2000）。國民參與休閒運動人口調查研究。台北市：行政院體育委員會。
48. 陳春安、鄭清滿（2013）。休閒潛水員知覺風險對自發性行為之影響~以專業能力為中介變項。 [口頭發表]。2013南臺科技大學休閒事業管理系暨臺灣休閒與遊憩學會聯合學術研討會，台南市，臺灣。
49. 鄭清滿、黃瓊慧(2014)。不同潛水年資休閒潛水員自覺專業能力知覺風險與自發性行。高應科大體育學刊，13, 116-140。
50. 謝新曦（2001）。台灣潛水發展史漫談。潛與潛專集，1，52-54。
51. Bauer, R.A. (1960) Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking. In: Hancock, R.S., Ed., Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, Proceedings of the 43rd. Conference of the American Marketing Association, 389-398.
52. Carbone, L. P., & Haeckel, S. H. (1994). Engineering customer experiences. Marketing Management, 3(3), 9-19.
53. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54. Haddock, C. (1993). Managing risks in outdoor activities. Wellington, New Zealand: Mountain Safety Council.
55. Kelly, J. R. (1996). Leisure (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
56. Priest, S., & Bunting, C. (1993). Changes in perceived risk and competence during whitewater canoeing. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 18(4), 265–280.
57. Priest, S., & Carpenter, G. (1994). Changes in perceived risk and competence during adventurous leisure experiences. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 18(1), 51-71.
58. Timothy, D. J. (2005). Shopping toursim, retailing and leisure. Tonawanda, NY: Channel View Publications.
59. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Cambridge university press.