中學以下棒球教練人力特徵差異分析及應用對策探討

Analysis of Difference of Characteristics of Baseball Coaches in Middle School and Grade Schools and Discussion of Strategies

10.29704/JDIT.200612.0018

周德賢(Te-Hsien Chou)

棒球 ； 運動教練 ； 運動管理 ； baseball ； coach ； sports management

大漢學報

21期（2006 / 12 / 01）

283 - 305

繁體中文

本研究把中學以下棒球教練定位在「扮演拓增棒球運動參與人口、提升競技水準的基礎人力」。在這個前題下，對中學以下棒球教練人力特徵作差異分析，據以探討教練人力的應用對策，盼研究成果對國內基層棒球教練人力資源作客觀的理解，俾利人盡其才。 利用電話成功訪問178位高中（職）以下學校棒球教練的年齡、任職學校、任職地區、教練身份、教練年資、球員經歷，接著以任職學校歸類受訪者，從差異的觀點分析比較國小、國中、高中（職）棒球教練之間的背景差異，再接著參考運動教練及推展棒球運動的相關論述，討論當前分佈於中學以下各級學校的教練人力特徵，進而建議應用對策。以下爲本研究重要發現及建議： 一、國小棒球教練年齡明顯小於國中及高中（職）棒球教練，後兩群無明顯差異。學校層級愈高教練年齡愈大，分界點在小學與中學。 二、部派專任教練主要分佈在國中及高中（職），絕大多數國小棒球教練都是教師兼任，學校層級愈高教師兼任教練比率愈來愈低，而外聘教練比率愈來愈高。 三、國小棒球教練身份明顯不同於國中及高中（職）棒球教練，後兩群無明顯差異。國小棒球教練有極高比率沒有棒球運動員經歷，國中、高中（職）棒球教練有極高比率經歷社會職業棒球。 四、專任棒球教練人力落實到國小的績效不彰。建議仿效民間休閒運動俱樂部聘請運動教練的模式，採取鐘點的方式來聘請職棒或社會甲組成棒退休球員擔任國小棒球教練。 五、國小棒球教練的流動性大代表教練人力的專業屬性低，建議中華民國棒球協會或學生棒球聯盟多舉辦教練講習會，提供中小學棒球教練研習的機會。另外，依學校層級組織教練會，適當時間就安排聚會分享帶隊經驗，這也是降低教練流動性的良好對策。 六、目前有多所大學校院成立運動教練系所，在運動教練人力不虞匱乏情形下，進一步制定擔任中小學棒球教練任用資格及年限的辦法，應該可以有效應用到運動教練系所培育出來的專長運動教練人力。

This research define baseball coaches in middle school and grade school as ”fundamental human resources who expand sports population and improve skills.” Based on such premise, difference of characteristics of baseball coaches in middle school and grade school was analyzed to discuss strategies for distribution of coaching talents in hopes of the result presenting objective observation of fundamental coaching talents. One hundred seventy-eight baseball coaches in middle school and grade school were interviewed by phone in terms of their age, school, district, years of coaching experience and experience as a player. Then backgrounds of grade school, middle school and high school were then compared. Based on relevant discourse of sports coaches and promotion of baseball, characteristics of coaches of middle school and grade school were discussed; then strategies were proposed. Important findings and suggestions were as follows: 1. Grade school baseball coaches are notably younger than coaches in middle school and high school, who are of similar age. The higher the school level is, the older the baseball coaches are. 2. Full-time coaches designated by the ministry mainly distribute in middle school and high school. Most of grade school coaches are part-time. The higher the school level is, the less part-time coaches are and the more contracted coaches are. 3. Backgrounds of grade school baseball coaches are significantly different from middle school and high school baseball coaches, who don't show significant difference. The majority of grade school baseball coaches weren't baseball players; the majority of middle school and high school baseball coaches were professional baseball players. 4. Implementation of recruitment of full-time baseball coaches in grade school is poor. It's suggested to adapt the model of recruitment of coaches of private recreational clubs, which pay retired professional baseball players or retired group A adult baseball players by hour. 5. High liquidity of grade school baseball coaches suggests poor profession of a coach. It's suggested that Chinese Professional Baseball Association or student baseball leagues to hold more coaching seminars. In addition coach clubs of different school levels, which hold regular meetings to share coaching experience is a solution to lower the high liquidity of coaches. 6. At present many colleges have founded departments and graduate schools of sports coaching, so on the premise that coaching talents are sufficient, it's required to establishment regulations regarding recruitment of coaches to fully exploit professional coaches.

1. 中華民國棒球協會
2. 行政院體委會
3. 何吉星(1998)。國立體育學院體育研究研究所。
4. 周宏室(1992)。我國學校專任運動教練的養成及未來展望。國民體育季刊，21(2)，26-34。
5. 周宏室(1991)。學校專任運動教練儲訓課程之回顧與展望。國民體育季刊，20(3)，111-121。
6. 周德賢(2004)。國小棒球教練的年齡選才意見分析比較。花蓮市:古典書局。
7. 周德賢(2004)。中學棒球教練的年齡選才意見分析比較。花蓮市:古典書局。
8. 林華韋(2001)。爲進軍國際舞台而奮戰的中華成棒隊。國民體育季刊，30(4)，20-31。
9. 沼澤康一郎(1985)。少年野球教室。東京:成美堂。
10. 邱繼智(1999)。管理學。台北:華立圖書。
11. 翁志成(1997)。運動教練與領導行爲。國民體育季刊，26(4)，52-57。
12. 翁志成(1994)。運動教練的領導理論與類型。中華體育，7(4)，31-38。
13. 張宏亮(1991)。運動教練工作壓力探討。國民體育季刊，20(2)，88-101。
14. 張宏亮(1994)。學校專任運動教練職業倦怠現況分析。國民體育季刊，23(2)，37-43。
15. 張宏亮(1994)。學校專任運動教練工作壓力現況調查。國民體育季刊，23(1)，71-79。
16. 張宏亮(1993)。論學校專任運動教練之獎勵制度。國民體育季刊，22(2)，101-111。
17. 張宏亮(1992)。以電話訪問法做運動教練離職因素的研究。
18. 莊林貴(2001)。中小學棒球應以義務教育第一、打棒球第二。學校體育，11(6)，68-72。
19. 許義雄(1998)。兒童發展與身體教育。台北:國立編譯館。
20. 陳玉娟(1995)。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所。
21. 陳全壽(1997)。運動教練的養成及教練制度。國民體育季刊，26(4)，4-17。
22. 楊純碧(1998)。運動教練領導行爲之「多元領導模式」介紹。大專體育，38，89-93。
23. 葉志仙(1997)。影響棒球運動打擊的心理因素。中華體育，11(2)，38-44。
24. 蘇榮基(1998)。全國網球排名賽男子單打八強比賽勝負之探討。大專體育，35，43-47。
25. 龔榮堂、林華韋(2004)。國民小學棒球運動推展現況分析與建議。大專體育，75，80-83。

1. 莊正民,呂祐華,江欣儒(2022)。臺灣棒球國際競爭力分析。臺大體育學報，42，15-33。