著地動作對跑步影響之相關研究

10.29823/NTUSPE.201912_(18).0006

洪昱翔；邱文玉

運動學 ； 動力學 ； 肌電圖

體育學系學刊

18期（2019 / 12 / 01）

67 - 76

繁體中文

隨著週休二日的政策開始實施之後，國人的休閒活動意識也開始興起，不管是靜態的娛樂活動還是動態的休閒運動，都有自己最忠實的支持者。而路跑比賽最近幾年已經成為新寵兒，是男女老少都愛參與的一項全民運動。當從事一項運動累積了一定的時間，就會開始有了想要讓自己實力更精進的想法，而相關的研究和知識也如雨後春筍一般出現，也提供每個業餘運動員訓練的相關知識。一般來說，著地時會有足前著地、足中著地、足後著地三種型態，其中又以足前和足後兩種最為常見，相關的研究也最多。而其中研究的領域主要有三種，分別是運動學、動力學、肌電圖這三種，研究者透過這三種研究方法來理解足前和足後著地兩者之間的差別，以及他們會如何影響跑步時的表現。運動學從下肢的髖關節、膝關節、踝關節跑步時角度和各種細微動作來說明要如何才有更好的緩衝機制。而動力學的研究則是就跑步時的地面反作用力、負荷率、下肢關節力矩、功率及作功進行探討，也發現對跑步皆有顯著的影響。再來則是從肌電圖來觀察肌肉的工作型態，在支撐期前的預先活化現象以及支撐期的活化現象說明跑步著地時的肌肉收縮情形。最後也從運動傷害的角度去著手，理解傷害的發生機制，藉此擬定完整的訓練和復建計畫。

1. 陳柏潔,黃長福(2014)。以生物力學觀點探討不同跑步著地動作。運動表現期刊，1(2)，68-74。
   連結：
2. 蔡宗晏,王進華(2007)。淺談肌電圖在運動科學中的應用。大專體育，90，155-161。
   連結：
3. Anderson, T.(1996).Biomechanics and running economy.Sports Medicine,22(2),76-89.
4. Anderson, T.,Tseh, W.(1994).Running Economy, Anthropometric Dimensions and Kinematic Variables.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,26(5),S170.
5. Ardigò, L. P.,Lafortuna, C.,Minetti, A. E.,Mognoni, P.,Saibene, F.(1995).Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot and rearfoot strike, in human running.Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,155(1),17-22.
6. Arendse, R. E.,Noakes, T. D.,Azevedo, L. B.,Romanov, N.,Schwellnus, M. P.,Fletcher, G.(2004).Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the pose running method.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,36(2),272-277.
7. Barr, A. E.,Barbe, M. F.(2002).Pathophysiological tissue changes associated with repetitive movement: a review of the evidence.Physical Therapy,82(2),173-187.
8. Cavanagh, P. R.,Pollock, M. L.,Landa, J.(1977).A biomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,301(1),328-345.
9. Cavanagh, P. R.,Williams, K. R.(1981).The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,14(1),30-35.
10. Diebal, A. R.,Gregory, R.,Alitz, C.,Gerber, J. P.(2012).Forefoot running improves pain and disability associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome.The American Journal of Sports Medicine,40(5),1060-1067.
11. Enoka, R. M.(2015).Neuromechanics of human movement.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
12. Friedmann-Bette, B.,Bauer, T.,Kinscherf, R.,Vorwald, S.,Klute, K.,Bischoff, D.,Kauczor, H.-U.(2010).Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes.European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(4),821-836.
13. Heise, C.,Morgan, D.,Hough, H.,Craib, M.(1996).Relationships between running economy and temporal EMG characteristics of biarticular leg muscles.International Journal of Sports Medicine,17(2),128-133.
14. Jones, P.,Lees, A.(2003).A biomechanical analysis of the acute effects of complex training using lower limb exercises.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,17(4),694-700.
15. Kerrigan, D. C.,Franz, J. R.,Keenan, G. S.,Dicharry, J.,Della Croce, U.,Wilder, R. P.(2009).The effect of running shoes on lower extremity joint torques.Pm&r,1(12),1058-1063.
16. Komi, P. V.(1986).Training of muscle strength and power: Interaction of neuromotoric, hypertrophic, and mechanical factors.International Journal of Sports Medicine,7,101-105.
17. Komi, P. V.,Kaneko, M.,Aura, O.(1987).EMG activity of the leg extensor muscles with special reference to mechanical efficiency in concentric and eccentric exercise.International Journal of Sports Medicine,8,22-29.
18. Kulmala, J. P.,Avela, J.,Pasanen, K.,Parkkari, J.(2013).Forefoot strikers exhibit lowerrunning-induced knee loading than rearfoot strikers.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,45,2306-2313.
19. Landreneau, L. L.,Watts, K.,Heitzman, J. E.,Childers, W. L.(2014).Lower limb muscle activity during forefoot and rearfoot strike running techniques.International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy,9(7),888-897.
20. Lieber, R. L.(2002).Skeletal muscle structure, function, & plasticity.Baltimore, MD:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
21. Lieberman, D. E.,Venkadesan, M.,Werbel, W. A.,Daoud, A. I.,D’Andrea, S,Davis, I. S.,Pitsiladis, Y.(2010).Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners.Nature,463(7280),531-535.
22. McClay, I.(2000).The evolution of the study of the mechanics of running. Relationship to injury.Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association,90(3),133-148.
23. McClay, I.,Manal, K.(1995).Lower extremity kinematic comparisons between forefoot andrearfoot strikers.1995 American Society of Biomechanics Conference,Palo Alto, CA, USA:
24. Nichols, T. R.,Houk, J. C.(1976).Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex.Journal of Neurophysiology,39(1),119-142.
25. Olin, E. D.,Gutierrez, G. M.(2013).EMG and tibial shock upon the first attempt at barefoot running.Human Movement Science,32(2),343-352.
26. Paavolainen, L.,Häkkinen, K.,Hämäläinen, I.,Nummela, A.,Rusko, H.(1999).Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and musclepower.Journal of Applied Physiology,86(5),1527-1533.
27. Ricard, M. D.,Ugrinowitsch, C.,Parcell, A. C.,Hilton, S.,Rubley, M. D.,Sawyer, R.(2005).Effects of rate of force development on EMG amplitude and frequency.International Journal of Sports Medicine,26(1),66-70.
28. Shelbourne, K. D.,Nitz, P.(1990).Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligamentreconstruction.American Journal of Sports Medicine,18(3),292-299.
29. Shih, Y.,Lin, K.-L.,Shiang, T.-Y.(2013).Is the foot striking pattern more important than barefoot or shod conditions in running?.Gait & Posture,38(3),490-494.
30. Voigt, M.,Ambjerg, H.,Mogensen, H. O.,Klausen, K.(1997).Optimal running economy may be related to a low relative level of muscle activation.XVIth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics,Tokyo, Japan:
31. Williams, D. S.,McClay, I. S.,Manal, K. T.(2000).Lower extremity mechanics in runners with a converted forefoot strike pattern.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,16(2),210-218.
32. Williams, K. R.,Cavanagh, P. R.(1987).Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance.Journal of Applied Physiology,63(3),1236-1245.
33. 跑者廣場 (2005)。全國賽會。取自http://www.taipeimarathon.org.tw/