WTO/GATS金融服務貿易自由化規範之研究－以日、韓金融體系自由化爲例

The Regulatory Liberalization of the WTO/GATS Trade in Financial Services-The Cases of Japan and Korea Financial System Liberalization

10.6199/NTULJ.2001.30.02.04

林江峰(Chiang-Feng Lin)

世界貿易組織WTO ； 服務貿易總協定GATS ； 金融自由化 ； 東亞金融危機 ； 日本 ； 金融大改革big bang ； 韓國 ； 金融革新 ； WTO ； GATS ； Financial Liberalization ； East Asian Financial Crises ； Japan ； Big Bang ； South Korea ； Financial Reform

臺大法學論叢

30卷2期（2001 / 03 / 01）

123 - 176

繁體中文

由於金融服務貿易額在全球貿易有顯著的量化成長，而受到全球主要貿易國的重視，因此金融服務貿易自由化在「關稅貿易總協定」之烏拉圭回合談判中成爲重要議題，並於烏拉圭回合談判結束後訂立「服務貿易總協定」以規範之。GATS之成立對國際金融服務貿易之活動之規範，提供合法性基礎與完整的互動的架構。因此GATS的主要原則與規範對會員國的金融法律體系有實質的約束力，並且會對一國國內政治經濟產生理大的影響，東亞各國亦不例外。尤其世界貿易組織成立後之GATS金融服務貿易自由化談判中，東亞國家陸續發生金融危機、日本、韓國兩國亦受波及，而分別對其金融體系進行調整，這些調整與日本、韓國兩國GATS金融服務貿易自由化之互動如何？實值研究。因此本文將之主要目的係探討GATS有關金融服務貿易自由化之規範與東亞之日本韓國兩國之金融服務部門自由化過程中法律調整之互動關係，以求對GATS之演進與日本、韓國金融服務貿易自由化之發展有整體的瞭解。本文結論認爲日本與韓國之金融改革與對WTO/GATS金融服務貿易自由化有較積極之承諾，顯示兩國調和其金融服務貿易自由化方向亦趨一致。惟目前外國金融服務業者在進入該兩國市場時，仍面臨業務經營之限制及缺乏透明化官僚行政程序與指導等障礙，因此兩國政府更應致力與此等障礙之去除，除可避免引起WTO/GATS會員國質疑其是否落實WTO/GATS之規範與自由化承諾，亦對兩國金融自由化改革之成功，有所助益。

Given its significant quantitative growth, trade in financial services is of substantial importance to the world and became an important issue of GATT Uruguay Round negotiations. After eight years of negotiations, General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was achieved as part of the Word Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements. The GATS provides strong foundation and legal framework to regulate and liberalize trade in financial services. Thus, GATS will have substantial influence on the financial regulatory regime of its member states, including East Asian countries. During the post Uruguay Round negotiation on financial services trade liberalization, financial crises were occurred among East Asian countries. Some GATS members, thus, hesitated whether they should slow down their GATS financial liberalization commitments. Both Japan and South Korea, GATS member states, also suffered from Asian financial crises and therefore decided to initiate financial reforms. However, whether Japan and South Korea financial reform measures are consistent with their GATS commitments are remained to be examined. The purpose of this paper intends to analyze the development of financial regulatory liberalization between GATS, Japan, and South Korea as well as their interaction. To serve this purpose, the principles and financial liberalization process of GATS, Japan, and South Korea will be discussed. This paper finally concluded both Japan and South Korea financial reforms are on the right track of the GATS liberalization regime. However, certain barriers, such as operation restrictions and non-transparency bureaucracy, still exist when foreign financial service providers enter these two countries. Thus, both Japan and South Korea government need to put more effort to eliminate their existing barriers to financial services trade in order to fully implement their GATS liberalization commitments and succeed their financial reforms as well.

1. 陳思先、王順文(2015)。世界貿易組織中金融服務談判的合作模式：以單邊、雙邊及區域行動困境觀點分析。東吳政治學報，33(1)，55-107。
2. 顏禎妤、張曉楨、林毓珊(2016)。服務貿易金融市場開放效益與銀行業西進評估因素之研究。績效與策略研究，13(1)，113-138。