論英國離婚法改革的法制發展－法政策、法理、法社會之探討

Contextualizing Family Law Reform in UK

10.6199/NTULJ.2006.35.05.04

王曉丹(Hsiao-Tan Wang)

英國離婚法 ； 英國1996年家庭法令 ； 法律改革 ； 法律政策 ； 英國1998年人權法令 ； 家庭法法理 ； 法律介入 ； 法社會學研究 ； Family Law Act 1996 in UK ； divorce law reform ； law and social policy ； Human Rights Act 1998 in UK ； utilitarianism/rights discourse of family law,socio-legal study

臺大法學論叢

35卷5期（2006 / 09 / 01）

163 - 208

繁體中文

英國從60年代到今天，婚姻家庭型態已經產生巨火的轉變，離婚法的規定經過1969年的離婚修正法令以及1996年家庭法令第二部分的改革，在法之實踐層面上有著重大的轉變。 一般知曉離婚法變遷的人，會將這樣的變遷稱爲從「過失離婚」到「無過失離婚」。本文試圖透過對於英國立法過程、立法社會政策與政策評估的討論，分析法律改革的法社會意涵，並論及此發展過程背後的法理基礎。離婚法改革所涉及的，不只是離婚的法定理山而已，從「過失離婚法」到「無過失離婚法」，常常涉及離婚程序的發展，以英國而言，即爲調解或商談程序的急速擴張。 本文提出一個法制發展會涉及的三個面向：法政策、法理以及法社會。英國離婚法改革所涉及的立法／社會政策的辯論，其實是擺盪於兩個問題之間：法律是否應該成爲倡導某種社會價值的機制，以及法律足不足以改變人們的社會行爲。其次，在法理的層次，離婚法的改革深受學界的批評，反省的聲浪開始著眼於英國離婚法過於重視「效益」的實務操作，又因爲受到歐洲人權法的影饗，在實務上開始發展權利觀點的家庭法。法學界因而回過頭來思考家庭法中權利體系的可能形貌，並進一步清國家介入個人離婚事項的基本法理，尋求規範的適當介入方式。最後，英國離婚法改革的過程同時也是相關法社會研究不斷發展的過程，這些法社會研究常常以其研究的成果，反過頭來提出法律政革的主張，發揮決定性的影響。

This paper sets up to explore the divorce law reform of UK, focusing on the shift in its underlying assumptions, objectives and techniques. The main argument centres around the second part of the Family Law Act 1996 which was withdrawn in 2001 after experimental pilots have shown its ineffectiveness. The discussions in this paper focus on the processes participated by the professionals and reflections made by different parts of society. There are three main issues identified in this paper. First, the divorce law reform in 1996 in Britain was formed mixed with four different approaches about family law and society and thus results to the contradictions in its possible practices. Second, the development of British family law from 1969 to 1996 was around the socio-legal debates between 'utilitarianism' and 'rights' discourse, especially in the area of legal practices. On the other hand, a new debate around individual autonomy/community values has raised the question of law's intrusion in family issues, including its possibility and limitation. Third, socio-legal study in the area of family law has developed empirical as well as theoretical approaches which may provide meaningful indications for the development of family law in Britain.

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