The Study of Political Language: A Brief Overview of Recent Research

政治語言研究：晚近研究簡述

10.29539/CNABH.201112.0016

林振文(Cheng-Wen Lin)

政治言談 ； 隱喻性言詞 ； 規避言行 ； 修辭策略 ； 人稱代名詞 ； Political discourse ； Metaphor ； Equivocation ； Rhetorical device ； Personal pronoun

嘉南學報（人文類）

37期（2011 / 12 / 01）

471 - 485

英文

本文旨在陳述、說明常被用於辨識、分析當前政治語言的主要研究方法、及其功能。本文針對下列主要的政治語言理論模式，提出簡明扼要的探討、分析。這些理論模式包括：隱喻模式、規避模式、鼓掌互動模式、與人稱代名詞替換模式。藉著探討這些政治語言理論模式的歷史淵源、及探討、分析各個模式的應用，本文意在對政治語言研究有興趣者，提供一個入門的理論架構。于此，本文不僅希望能夠讓人更充分了解政治語言的本質與研究，並且希望能夠吸引它的研究者，運用這些理論架構於他／她們的研究裡。

This article aims to demonstrate a number of the main research methodologies used in identifying and analysing political language in world politics. The study provides a brief theoretical overview of the key research on political discourse, with particular regard to metaphor use in political discourse, the role of equivocation, rhetorical devices to invite audience applause, and the use of personal pronouns. With a consideration of the evaluation of each research methodology in a historical context, the article here is designed as an entry point for readers into the type of research methodology in political language. In addition, the article hopes not only to present a fuller picture of research on political discourse, but also to tempt researchers with the possibilities of using these theoretical frameworks in their own research.

1. Atkinson, J. M.(1984).Our Master's Voices.London:Methuen.
2. Atkinson, J. M.(ed.),Heritage, J. C.(ed.)(1984).Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
3. Bavelas, J. B.,Black, A.,Bryson, L.,Mullett, J.(1988).Political equivocation: A situational explanation.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,7(2),137-145.
4. Bavelas, J. B.,Black, A.,Chovil, N.,Mullett, J.(1990).Equivocal Communication.Newbury Park:Sage.
5. Bavelas, J. B.,Smith, B. J.(1982).A method for scaling verbal disqualification.Human Communication Research,8(3),214-227.
6. Beard, A.(2000).The Language of Politics.London:Routledge.
7. Brown, R.,Gilman, A.(1960).The pronouns of power and solidarity.Style and Language,Cambridge, Mass:
8. Bull, P.(2003).The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and Ambiguity.London:Routledge.
9. Bull, P.(2000).Do audiences only applaud 'claptrap' in political speeches? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause.Social Psychological Review,2,32-41.
10. Bull, P.(1998).Equivocation Theory and News Interviews.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,17(1),36-51.
11. Bull, P.(2002).Communication under the Microscope: The Theory and Practice of Microanalysis.London:Psychology Press.
12. Bull, P.,Elliott, J.,Palmer, D.,Walker, L.(1996).Why politicians are three-faced: the face model of political interviews.British Journal of Social Psychology,35,267-284.
13. Bull, P.,Fetzer, A.(2006).Who are we and who are you? The strategic use of forms of address in political interviews.Text and Talk,26(1),1-35.
14. Bull, P.,Mayer, K.(1993).How not to answer questions in political interviews.Political Psychology,14(4),651-666.
15. Carver, T.,Pikalo, J.(2008).Political Language and Metaphor: Interpreting and Changing the World.
16. Chilton, P.(2004).Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice.London:Routledge.
17. Chilton, P.,Ilyin, M.(1993).Metaphor in political discourse: The case of the common European house.Discourse & Society,4(1),7-31.
18. Chilton, P.,Schäffner, C.(1997).Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic approaches to political discourse.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
19. De Landtsheer, C.(1998).The political rhetoric of a unified Europe.Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere,Westport, CT:
20. De Landtsheer, C.,Feldman, O.(2000).Beyond Public Speech and Symbols: Explorations in the Rhetoric of Politicians and the Media.Westport, CT:Praeger.
21. Deignan, A.(2005).Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics.Amsterdam:John Beniamins Publishing Company.
22. Duszak, A.(2002).Us and Others: Social Identities across Language, Discourse, and Cultures.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
23. Duszak, A.(ed.)(2002).Us and others.Amsterdam:Benjamins.
24. Ehlich, K.(ed.),van Riemsdijk, H.(ed.)(1983).Connectedness in Sentence, Text and Discourse.Tilburg, The Netherlands:Tilburg Papers in Linguistics.
25. Eisenberg, E.(1984).Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication.Communication Monographs,51,227-242.
26. Eisenberg, E. M.(1998).Flirting with meaning.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,17(1),97-108.
27. Fairclough, N.(2000).New Labour, New Language.London:Routledge.
28. Feldman, O.,De Landtsheer, C.(1998).Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere.Westport:Praeger.
29. Gastil, J.(1992).Undemocratic discourse: A review of theory and research on political discourse.Discourse & Society,3(4),469-500.
30. Goffman, E.(1981).Forms of talk.Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
31. Goss, B.,Williams, M. L.(1973).The effects of equivocation on perceived source credibility.Central States Speech Journal,24(3),162-167.
32. Grady, J.(1997).Berkeley,University of California.
33. Haley, J.(1959).An interactional description of schizophrenia.Psychiatry,22,321-332.
34. Hamilton, M. A.,Mineo, P. J.(1998).A framework for understanding equivocation.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,17(1),3-35.
35. Heritage, J.,Greatbatch, D.(1986).Generating applause: A study of rhetoric and response at party political conferences.American Journal of Sociology,92,110-157.
36. Kövecses, Z.(2002).Metaphor: A Practical Introduction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
37. Lakoff, G.(1991).Metaphor and war: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf.Journal of Urban and Cultural Studies,2(1),59-72.
38. Lakoff, G.,Johnson, M.(1980).Metaphors We Live By.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
39. Lakoff, R. T.(1990).Talking Power: The Politics of Language.Basic Books.
40. Maitland, K.,Wilson, J.(1987).Ideological conflict and pronominal resolution.Journal of Pragmatics,11,495-512.
41. Nogales, P. D.(1999).Metaphorically Speaking.Stanford, California:CSLI Publications.
42. Obeng, S. G.(1997).Language and politics: Indirectness in political discourse.Discourse & Society,8(1),49-83.
43. Scannell, P.(ed.)(1991).Broadcast Talk.London:Sage.
44. Watzlawick, P.,Beavin Bavelas, J.,Jackson, D. D.(1967).Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes.New York:W.W. Norton.
45. Wilson, J.(1990).Politically Speaking.Basil:Blackwell.