魯東的自然意象與精神演化論

Odilon Redon's Nature Imagery and Spiritual Evolution

10.29626/JAS.201105.0001

曾少千(Shao-Chien Tseng)

魯東 ； 自然 ； 象徵主義 ； 演化論 ； 宗教 ； 裝飾 ； 舒禾 ； 巴舍拉 ； Odilon Redon ； nature ； Symbolism ； evolutionism ； religion ； decoration ； Édouard Schuré ； Gaston Bachelard

藝術學研究

8期（2011 / 05 / 01）

1 - 71

繁體中文

十九世紀晚期科學和宗教界對於自然的態度分歧，象徵主義畫家魯東發展豐富的自然意象，映照演化論和宗教信仰之間的辯證。關於魯東的自然圖像研究，大多著重其思想的探源，或對於不同階段的作品採取斷裂的看法，而很少討論魯東如何交涉科學、文學和宗教之間的差異，以及他的自然觀和美學的演變。本文考察魯東的風格實驗，以及藝術家自述、傳記、藝評等第一手資料，檢視演化論在法國的接受情況、象徵主義美學論述等面向。首先將討論魯東的自然書寫如何和藝術史對話，尤其是達文西的畫論和浪漫主義的自然哲學。本文闡析《起源》系列版畫混合拉馬克和達爾文的演化論，改造古典神話，表現原始生物的心理意識。魯東的水中景象粉彩、油畫和屏風作品，將以裝飾美學和哲學家巴舍拉的夢幻詩學詮釋作品。最後將論證泛靈植物和神聖人物的畫作，呼應作家舒禾的精神演化論，可視爲和解科學與宗教衝突的藝術途徑。

In the late nineteenth century, science and religion adopted different attitudes toward nature. The Symbolist painter Odilon Redon developed a complex nature imagery that reflected the dialectic between evolutionism and religion. The studies on Redon's nature imagery have mostly traced the sources of his ideas or emphasized the rupture between distinct phases of his oeuvre. Scholars seldom discuss how Redon negotiated the differences among science, literature, and religion, and how his views of nature and aesthetic evolved. This paper examines Redon's stylistic experiments and words, the biographies and reviews, the reception of evolutionary theory in France, and the Symbolist aesthetic discourse. First, I will explore the dialogue between Redon's nature writing and art history, especially Leonardo’s theory of painting and Romantic Naturphilosophie. Then, I elucidate how the lithographic series Les origines is informed by evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Darwin, engaged in modernizing classical mythology, and expressive of the psychological states of primitive creatures. The pastels, paintings, and screen of underwater scenes will be analyzed in light of decorative aesthetic and Gaston Bachelard's poetics of reverie. Finally Redon's paintings of pantheist nature and sacred figures will be interpreted as an artistic approach to reconcile science and religion as the spiritual evolution proposed by Édouard Schuré.

1. Redon, Odilon 1868 “Salon de 1868.” La gironde (19 May 1868)
2. Larousse, Pierre Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle. Vol. 9. Paris: Librairie Classique Larousse et Boyer, 1866-1879
3. Rodin, Auguste 1914 Les cathédrales de France, Paris
4. (2007).Companion to Art Theory.Oxford:Blackwell.
5. Fontainas, André 1916 “Odilon Redon.” Le mercure de France (1 Aug. 1916): 577-588
6. Darwin, Charles 1859 On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray
7. Redon, Odilon 1923 Lettres d'Odilon Redon 1878-1916. Préface de Marius et Ary Leblond. Paris: Librairie nationale d'Art et d'Histoire
8. Verne, Jules 1896 Vingt mille lieues sous les mers. Paris: Hetzel
9. (1951).Oeuvres.Paris:
10. (1992).Dictionnaire culturel de la mythologie gréco-romaine.Paris:Nathan.
11. Flammarion, Camille 1886 Le monde avant la création de l'homme. Paris: Marpon et Flammarion
12. Huysmans, Joris Karl 1884 À rebours. Paris: Charpentier
13. Blanc, Charles 1867 The Grammar of Painting and Engraving. 1867. NY: Hurd & Houghton, 1874
14. Redon, Odilon 1923 Lettres d'Odilon Redon 1878-1916. Bruxelles: G. van Oest
15. Schuré, Édouard 1895 Les grands initiés: Esquisse de l'histoire secrete des religions. Paris: Perrin
16. Schuré, Édouard 1885 “La légende de Bouddha.” Revue des deux mondes (1 July 1885)
17. Mirbeau, Octave 1981 “Vincent van Gogh.” L'Écho de Paris (31 Mar. 1891).
18. Darwin, Charles 1871 The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray
19. Apostolos-Lappadona, Diane(1996).Encyclopedia of Women in Religious Art.NY:Continuum.
20. Aurier, G.-Albert(1994).Le symbolisme en peinture: Paul Gauguin.Symbolist Art Theories: A Critical Anthology,Berkeley:
21. Bachelard, Gaston,Russell, Daniel(Trans.)(1969).The Poetics of Reverie: Childhood, Language, and the Cosmos.Boston:Beacon.
22. Bacou, Rosaline(1987).Odion Redon: Pastels.Paris:Anthese.
23. Benjamin, Roger(1987).Matisse's Notes of a Painter: Criticism, Theory, and Context 1891-1908.Ann Arbor:U of Michigan P.
24. Bindman, David(2009).Mankind after Darwin and Nineteenth-Century Art.Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts,New Haven:
25. Chansigaud, Valérie(2009).Histoire de l'illustration naturaliste: Des gravures de la Renaissance aux films d'aujourd'hui.Paris:Delachaux et Niestle SA.
26. Clark, Linda L.(1984).Social Darwinism in France.Tuscaloosa:U of Alabama P.
27. Conn, Steven(1998).Museums and American Intellectual Life 1876-1926.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
28. Connelly, Frances S.(1995).The Sleep of Reason: Primitivism in Modern European Art and Aesthetics 1725-1907.University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State UP.
29. Corsi, Pierre(1988).The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830.Berkeley:U of California P.
30. Coustet, Robert(1993).Odilon Redon Miraculé.Revue de l'art,1993,83-85.
31. da Vinci, Leonardo,McMahon, A. Philip(ed.)(1956).Treatise on Painting.Princeton:Princeton UP.
32. Davenport, Nancy(2006).Odilon Redon, Armand Clavaud, and Benedict Spinoza: Nature as God.Religion and the Arts,10(1),1-38.
33. Denis, Maurice,Bouillon, J.-P.(ed.)(1993).Le ciel et l'arcadie.Paris:Hermann.
34. Donald, Diana(ed.),Munro, Jane(ed.)(2009).Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts,New Haven:
35. Donder, Vic de(2006).Le chant de la sirène.Paris:Gallimard.
36. Druick, Douglas W.(ed.)(1994).Odilon Redon: Prince of Dreams, 1840-1916.Chicago:Art Inst. of Chicago.
37. Durant, John(1985).Darwinism and Divinity: A Century of Debate.Darwinism and Divinity: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief,Oxford:
38. Eisenman, Stephen F.(1992).The Temptation of Saint Redon: Biography, Ideology and Style in the Noirs of Odilon Redon.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
39. Emery, Elisabeth(2001).Romancing the Cathedral: Gothic Architecture in Fin-de-siècle French Culture.Albany:State U of NY P.
40. Gauguin, Paul,Guérin, Daniel(ed.),Levieux, Eleanor(trans.)(1978).The Writings of a Savage: Paul Gauguin.NY:Viking.
41. Hull, R. Bruce(2006).Infinite Nature.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
42. Jardine, N.(ed.),Secord, J. A.(ed.),Spary, E. C.(ed.)(1996).Cultures of Natural History.Cambridge:Cambridge UP.
43. Kemp, Martin(ed.),Kemp, Martin(trans.),Walker, Margaret(trans.)(1989).Leonardo on Painting.New Haven:Yale UP.
44. Kort, Pamela(2009).Making Things Real: Odilon Redon and Jean Carriès.Darwin: Art and the Search for Origins,Frankfurt:
45. Larson, Barbara(2005).The Dark Side of Nature: Science, Society, and the Fantastic in the Work of Odilon Redon.University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State UP.
46. Larson, Barbara(2003).Evolution and Degeneration in the Early Work of Odilon Redon.Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide,2(2)
47. Larson, Barbara(2007).From Botany to Belief: Odilon Redon and Armand Clavaud.As in a Dream: Odilon Redon,Frankfurt:
48. Loevgren, Sven(1971).The Genesis of Modernism.Bloomington:Indiana UP.
49. Mellerio, André(1968).Odilon Redon.NY:Da Capo.
50. Moffett, Charles S.(1986).The New Painting: Impressionism 1874-1886.Geneva:Burton.
51. Moser, Stephanie(1989).Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins.Ithaca:Cornell UP.
52. Moueix, Jean-François(1969).Universite de Bordeaux III.
53. Musée Léon Dierx(2007).Odilon Redon: Le ciel, la terre, la mer.Paris:Reunion des musees nationaux.
54. Peng, Chang-Ming(2008).Fernand Cormon's Cain: Epic Naturalism in Nineteenth-Century History Painting.Twenty-First-Century Perspectives on Nineteenth-Century Art: Essays in Honor of Gabriel P. Weisberg,Newark:
55. Persell, Stuart M.(1999).Neo-Lamarkianism and the Evolutionary Controversy in France 1870-1920.Lewiston:Edwin Mellen P.
56. Pierrot, Jean(1981).The Decadent Imagination, 1880-1900.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
57. Rapetti, Rodolphe(2011).Odilon Redon: Prince du rêve 1840-1916.Paris:Edition de la Rmn-Grand Palais.
58. Redon, Odilon(2000).À soi-même, journal 1867-1915: Notes sur la vie, l'art et les artistes.Paris:Jose Corti.
59. Rudwick, Martin J.S.(1992).Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
60. Shiff, Richard(2007).Expression: Natural, Personal, Pictorial.A Companion to Art Theory,Oxford:
61. Stapleton, Michael(1978).The Illustrated Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology.NY:Peter Bedrick.
62. Stebbins, Robert E.(1974).France.The Comparative Reception of Darwinism,Austin, TX:
63. Stuffmann, Margret(ed.),Hollein, Max(ed.)(2007).From Botany to Belief: Odilon Redon and Armand Clavaud.As in a Dream: Odilon Redon,Frankfurt:
64. Turner, A. Richard(1992).Inventing Leonardo.Berkeley:U of California P.
65. Vezin, Luc(1990).Les artistes au Jardin des plantes.Paris:Hercher.