题名

“中國的”女權、翻譯的慾望與馬君武女權說譯介

并列篇名

The Desire to Translate and the Desire in Translation: "Chinese" Feminism and Nationalism in Ma Jun-wu's Translation of 'The Rights of Women'

DOI

10.6352/mhwomen.199908.0001

作者

劉人鵬(Jen-Peng Liu)

关键词

女權 ; 女性主義 ; 馬君武 ; 斯賓塞 ; 國族主義 ; The Rights of Women ; Feminism ; Ma Jun-wu ; Herbert Spencer ; Nationalism

期刊名称

近代中國婦女史研究

卷期/出版年月

7期(1999 / 08 / 01)

页次

1 - 42

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本文以馬君武(1881-1940)在1902年所翻譯的<斯賓塞女權篇>爲例,試圖勾繪這個翻譯過程中,透過原本已經不平等的二種語言之問的移動與轉換,所折射出的帝國主義、國族主義的殖民認同與(或)反抗,與這個認同/反抗中,擺盪在性別、國族之間的複雜權力結構與交織作用;以及原文和譯文涉及女權論述時,在二種權力不平等的男性語言使用者之間,交雜或偷渡的各種性別與殖民認同與慾望關係。同時也探討「文明進步的現代化國家」的認同、慾望、規劃、想像,與「翻譯」以及「女權」之間的關係。並藉此討論「中國的女權」這個歷史敘事,在世紀初這個歷史時刻的形構。 目前所謂「中國女性主義」的再現,如果放在國家的架構內時,有一個「男性」的源頭(即:中國的女性主義,來自中國男性知識分子的倡導),而放在帝國主義殖民架構時,則又有一個「西方」的源頭(即:中國的女性主義,來自西方的女性主義)。也就是說,如果要建構所謂「中國女性主義」的歷史,那麼,不論是問問題的方式,或者是提出的答案,都難免與「外來」糾纏不清,不論這個「外來」是「女性」的對立面「男性」,或是「中國」的對立面「西方」。因為問題的本身就來自這個「本土-外來」、「中國-西方」、「女-男」的權力架構,而這個架構的本身,早已經是權力不對稱的產物。本文試圖在糾纏中脫逃「中國-西方」或「東方-西方」這個二元陷阱,由世紀之交現代化過程中,國族/帝國「翻譯」的慾望,來討論這個具有歷史性的問題。

英文摘要

This paper analyzes Ma Jun-wu's (1881-1940) 1902 translation of Herbert Spencer's ”The Rights of Women.” It demonstrates the importance of the translation of the universalizing discourse of ”The Rights of Women” to early 20(superscript th) century nationalist intellectuals in their discursive construction of a Chinese postcolonial modernity. I investigate the layered postcolonial politics of translation involved as early 20th century intellectuals used the translation of a western, male-authored rights-based feminist discourse to invent a language that could articulate claims to a Chinese modernity. I attempt to delineate those places and moments in the translated texts, where imperial, national and colonial identifications and desires are refracted through already unequal displacements and movements between two languages. I note the interweaving and complex power structurations that transpire between gender and ethnic nationalism, and in particular how a discourse on the rights of women, when travelling between male writing positionalities of differential (national, ethnic) power, will easily transport various problematic gender and colonial identity relations. We can discern this complexity through Ma's translation, for example, of the English words such as ”we,” ”us,” and ”our own,” as appeared in Spencer's original articles, into ”fan-shih jen-lei,” (”all human beings”) or even ”Wuokuo” (”our nation”) in Chinese. Such renderings of English philosophical writings surely arise from a historical moment when imperialism and colonization posed an imminent threat to ”our nation.” The implications of such theory-travel or translations must be re-examined in historical terms. Recent work in postcolonial studies has provided a viable framework for the rethinking of the problem of language and translation. In order to gain an analytic understanding of topics such as the politics of translation and the representation of ”Chinese Feminism,” or the effects of reflection and refraction in the act of reading, we will re-examine the imperial desires in which the project of nation building and the search for (belated) modernization eventually become the ideological consensus in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

主题分类 人文學 > 歷史學
社會科學 > 社會學
社會科學 > 社會學
参考文献
  1. (1968)。警鐘日報。
  2. (1984)。達爾文物種原始
  3. (1903)。全球五大洲女俗通考
  4. (1902)。論說。大公報。39號。光緒28年6月21日(1902,7,25)。
  5. Bhabha, Homi K.(1994).The Location of Culture.
  6. Buchner, Louis(1927)。女權論。新女性,2(4),38。
  7. Burton, Antoinette(1990).The White Woman's Burden: British Feminists and the Indian Woman, 1865 -1915.Women's Studies International Forum,13(4),295-308.
  8. Burton, Antoinette(1994).Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865 -1915.
  9. Chatteriee, Partha(1989).Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History.
  10. Collini, Stefan(1989).On Liberty; with The Subjection of Women; and Chapters on Socialism.
  11. Coole, Diana(1993).Women in Political Throty: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism.
  12. Dirlik、 Arif(1994).The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism.Critical Inquiry,20(2),328-356.
  13. Furth、 Charlotte(1994).Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State.
  14. Lange, Lynda(1991).Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory.
  15. Liu, Jen-Peng(1998).Second International Conference "Crossroads in Cultural Studies".
  16. Mann, Susan(1997).The History of Chinese Women before the Age of Orientalism.Journal of Women's History,8(4),163-164.
  17. Millett, Kate(1990).Sexual Politics.
  18. Mohanty, Chandra(1984).Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.Boundary 2,12(3)/13(1),335-337.
  19. Niranjana, Tejaswini(1992).Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, amd the Colonial Context.
  20. Okin, Susan Moller.Women in Western Political Thought.
  21. Prakash, Gyan(1990).Writing Post Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography.Comparative Studies in Society and History,32(2),383-408.
  22. Pyle, Andrew(1995).The Subjection Women: Contemporary Response to John Stuart Mill.
  23. Radhakrishnan, R.(1992).Nationalisms and Sexualities.
  24. Sedgwick、 Eve Kosofsky(1985).Between Men: English Literatrue and Male Homosocial Desire.
  25. Simon, Sherry(1996).Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission.
  26. Smith, Goldwin(1995).The Subjection of Women: Contemporary Response to John Stuart Mill.
  27. Spencer, Herbert(1996).Social Statics.
  28. Spivak、 Gayatri C., Gayatri Chakravorty(1993).Outside in the Teaching Machine.
  29. Stoler, Ann Laura(1991).Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era.
  30. Talwar, Bharat Vir(1989).Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History.
  31. Tong、 Rosemarie(1989).Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction.
  32. Tulloch, Gail(1989).Mill and Sexual Equality.
  33. 丁乃非、劉人鵬(1998)。罔兩問景:含蓄美學與酷兒政略=Reticent Poetics, Queer Politics。性/別研究,3/4,109-155。
  34. 朱維錚(1996)。求索真文明:晚清學術史論
  35. 宋恕(1928)。六齋卑議
  36. 李瞻(1977)。林樂知與萬國公報:中國現代化運動之根源。
  37. 周蕾(1995)。寫在家國以外
  38. 周蕾(1995)。婦女與中國現代性─東西方之間閱讀記
  39. 林維紅(1991)。清季的婦女不纏足運動(1894 - 1911)。國立臺灣大學歷史學系學報,16,139-180。
  40. 林樂知(1968)。萬國公報。
  41. 金松岑。女界鐘
  42. 阿英(1961)。晚清文學叢鈔(1-4冊)
  43. 胡適(1918)。胡適文存﹙第一集﹚
  44. 夏曉虹(1995)。晚清婦女文人觀
  45. 馬君武(1991)。馬君武集
  46. 馬祖毅(1984)。中國翻譯簡史:「五四」運動以前部分
  47. 高彥頤, Dorothy Yin-Yee(1994).Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China.
  48. 張玉法(1988)。晚清小說研究
  49. 張玉法(1975)。近代中國女權運動史料(1842-1911)
  50. 梁啟超(1989)。飲冰室合集(1)
  51. 梁啟超(1902)。飲冰室合集(6)
  52. 梁啟超(1902)。飲冰室合集(1)
  53. 郭廷以(1987)。近代中國的變局
  54. 劉人鵬(1996)。明代經學國際研討會論文集
  55. 劉巨才(1989)。中國近代婦女運動史
  56. 劉禾(1993)。文學史(第一輯)
  57. 鄭觀應(1969)。盛世危言後編
  58. 嚴復(1968)。侯官嚴氏叢刻
  59. 嚴復(1986)。嚴復集(第1冊)
被引用次数
  1. 黃文樹,李曉蓉(2021)。近代男性知識分子的性別論述與矛盾:以梁啟超五四前後的婦女與女權思想為例。人文社會科學研究,15(3),85-113。
  2. 李曉蓉(2012)。中國近代女權特色之分析(晚清至五四)。高雄師大學報:教育與社會科學類,33,43-59。
  3. (2000)。翻譯.介入.顛覆:重估林紓的文學翻譯--以「海外軒渠錄」為例。文山評論,1(4),23-77。
  4. (2000)。迻譯、越界與文本多義性:以林紓翻譯的「魯濱孫飄流記」為例。文山評論,1(4),79-112。