20世紀初澳洲華裔報刊中的女性論述和社會認同

Gender Discussion and Social Identity in Chinese-Australian Newspapers in the Early 20(superscript th) Century

10.6352/mhwomen.201012.0175

郭美芬(Mei-Fen Kuo)

澳洲華裔歷史 ； 報刊 ； 公共節慶 ； 女性論述 ； 社會認同 ； Chinese-Australian history ； newspapers ； public ceremonies ； gender discussion ； social identity

近代中國婦女史研究

18期（2010 / 12 / 01）

175 - 214

繁體中文

本文以19世紀末到20世紀初出版於澳洲雪梨與墨爾本的華文報紙以及新興的華裔公共結社與節慶爲例，闡述澳洲華裔男性對於女性角色、家庭觀念以及社會認同的改變。20世紀初遷移的歷史經驗改變了華裔社群的社會網絡與想像，澳洲中產階級宣揚的社會價值諸如「體面」、公共參與、尊重與信任等也驅使華裔家庭的父權觀念逐漸式微，取而代之的是個人權利的論述。然而，澳洲華裔男性受到澳洲社會的影響，將婚姻視爲個人體面和社會名望的指標，女性的角色在於負責家務，進而將女性置於公共論述和政治參與之外。但另一方面，白澳下的排華運動卻使得華裔男性成員透過安排新興的節慶和戶外休閒活動，讓女性和兒童出現在聚會中，進而彰顯華裔社群在澳洲社會安居樂業的景象，以符合澳洲社會對於理想家庭和性別關係的標準，藉此反駁排華運動者所宣稱的，性別失衡的華裔社群是危害澳洲的家庭和社會秩序的根源。最後，本文從性別的角度提供了另一闡述與分析移民政治動員以及社會認同的研究方向。

Summary: This article discusses the social transformation of the female role, the function of the family, and social identity of Chinese Australians in the early 20(superscript th) century through the analysis of Chinese newspapers and public ceremonies. It is argued that modernity and the Australian lifestyle enhanced a sense of civil rights amoung Chinese Australians vis-a-vis the traditional patriarchy that had been determining in early 20(superscript th) century. Furthermore, Chinese Australians accepted the Australian notion of ”social respectability” and middle class values to discuss the female role as wife and mother. However, more female Chinese-Australians were appearing in the discussions of Chinese Australians newspapers and public ceremonies. The increasing appearance of female and children together with male Chinese Australians to enhanced a public profile of the Chinese-Australian family in order to struggle against the White Australia Policy, which isolated many Chinese, who were for the most part males without families in residence in Australia, by codifying them as the ”Other” of British and European Australians. In conclusion, this article shows how gender perspective provides an alterative methodology for studies of social identity and political mobilization of immigration communities.

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