愛瑪‧高德曼（Emma Goldman）及其《大地之母》（Mother Earth）月刊的行動宣傳：以其跨國網絡與性別論述為例

Emma Goldman and the "Propaganda by the Deed" of "Mother Earth": Its Transnational Networks and Gender Activism

10.6352/mhwomen.201212.0107

許慧琦(Hui-Chi Hsu)

愛瑪‧高德曼 ； 大地之母 ； 行動宣傳 ； 跨國網絡 ； 性別論述 ； Emma Goldman ； "Mother Earth" ； Propaganda by the Deed ； Transnational Networks ； Discourses on Gender

近代中國婦女史研究

20期（2012 / 12 / 01）

107 - 166

繁體中文

本文旨在探究由美國無政府主義領袖愛瑪‧高德曼（Emma Goldman, 1869-1940）出版的《大地之母》月刊（Mother Earth, 1906-1917）的行動宣傳。《大地之母》集結高德曼及其同志友人的心力，其代表性地體現自1870年代學始於歐洲的「行動宣傳」（propaganda by the deed），如何在20世紀初葉的美國社會進行。本文申論《大地之母》開展出我稱之為「三合一」的運作機制；亦即，《大地之母》月刊本身、其出版社（Mother Earth Publishing Association，於1907年成立）發行的出版品與宣傳小冊、以及高德曼為支撐該刊財務而進行的年度全美巡迴演說所發展出的共生關係。本文將以彰顯其言行合一風格的跨國網絡與性別論述為例，討論該刊如何進行「行動宣傳」並藉此思索研究期刊運作可能發展的新方向。基於本文的研究，我建議對於期刊運作的研究，或應超越期刊本身（及其脈絡），以更全面地視各別期刊（例如對《大地之母》的研究不應忽略高德曼的演說與該出版社的宣傳出版品）的運作，進行更廣泛的檢視與綜合考察。

This article features the activist propaganda of ”Mother Earth”, a monthly magazine published by the American anarchist leader Emma Goldman (1869-1940) from 1906 to- 1917. A product of collective teamwork by Goldman and her comrades and friends, ”Mother Earth” showcased how ”propaganda by the deed,” a feasible activist creed for the anarchist movement that started from in Europe in the 1870s, could be applied in the early 20thtwntieth-century United .States. I argue that the comprehensive project of ”Mother Earth” is characterized by what I call ”3-in-1 symbiotic mechanism;” i.e., the journal itself functioned interdependently with the annual lecturing tours of Goldman and the publications by Mother Earth Publishing Association. In order to highlight such characteristic, I focus on the transnational networks and gender activism of ”Mother Earth” to explore how it was operated in an inclusive manner. By demonstrating the activist propaganda of ”Mother Earth”, I also propose a reconsideration of journal studies regarding the appraisal of how a journal functioned. Based on this study, I suggest that we might need to extend beyond the journal itself (and its context) to evaluate how it operated during its period of publication.

1. “Mother Earth,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), pp. 1-4.
2. Richard Drinnon, “Introduction,” Mother Earth, microfiche edition (New York: Greenwood Reprint Corporation, 1968)..
3. “To Our Subscribers,” Mother Earth 10:12 (February 1916), pp. 403-404
4. Alexander Berkman, “Comstock and Mother Earth,” Mother Earth 4:12 (February 1910), pp. 369-370.
5. “Emma Goldman Acquitted,” New York Times (January 9, 1917).
6. Emma Goldman, “The Social Aspects of Birth Control,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 468-475.
7. 《大地之母》卷 5 期 8（1910 年 10 月）
8. "Japanese Radicals Condemned to Die," New York Call (Nov. 12, 1910), in The Emma Goldman Papers: A Microfilm Edition, et al. Candace Falk (Alexandria, Va.: Chadwyck-Healey Inc., 1990), reel 4..
9. Emma Goldman,“The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), pp. 9-18.
10. John R. Coryell,“Marriage and the Home,” Mother Earth 1:2 (April 1906), pp. 23-30.
11. John R. Coryell,“The Family Versus the Home,” Mother Earth 3:2 (April 1908), pp. 85-96.
12. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), pp. 7-8.
13. Leonard D. Abbott, “Reflection on Emma Goldman's Trial,” Mother Earth 11:3 (May 1916), pp. 504-507.
14. F. Sako,“Barbarous Japan,” Mother Earth 5:12 (February 1911), pp. 379-382.
15. William Morris, “The Death Song,” Mother Earth 5:12 (February 1911), p. 369.
16. “Advertisement: The Best Literature on Birth Control,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916).
17. “Agents for ‘Mother Earth',” Mother Earth 1:5 (July 1906).
18. Berkman,“Kotoku Demonstrations,” Mother Earth 5:12 (February 1911), pp. 382-384.
19. Emma Goldman, “My Arrest and Preliminary Hearing,” Mother Earth 11:1 (March 1916), pp. 426-430.
20. “Advertisement: Victims of Morality and The Failure of Christianity,” Mother Earth 8:3 (May 1913).
21. “The Aim,” The Woman Rebel 1:1 (March 1914), p. 1.
22. H. Kelly,“Anarchism: A Plea for the Impersonal,” Mother Earth 2:12 (February 1908), pp. 555-562.
23. “The Birth Control League,” The Woman Rebel 1:6 (August 1914), p. 47.
24. Emma Goldman, "What I Believe," New York World (July 19, 1908)
25. Lillian Wald to Emma Goldman, Dec. 16, 1910
26. A.B.,“The Martyrs of Japan,” Mother Earth 6:3 (May 1911), pp. 93.
27. Emma Goldman,“On the Trail,” Mother Earth 6:1 (March 1911), pp. 17-22.
28. “Anarchy's Den: Emma Goldman, Its Queen, Rules with a Nod the Savage Reds,”New York World (July 28, 1892)
29. Francis Adams, “To Japan,” Mother Earth 5:11 (January 1911), pp. 342.
30. Margaret H. Sanger, “Not Guilty!” Mother Earth 10:11 (January 1916), pp. 363-365.
31. [Interview] Emma Goldman,“What is There in Anarchy for Woman?” St. Louis Post-Dispatch Sunday Mogazine (St. Louis) (October 24, 1897), p. 9, in The Emma Goldman Papers: A Microfilm Edition, reel 47..
32. (2003).Emma Goldman: a Documentary History of the American Years.Berkeley:University of California Press.
33. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 2:3 (May 1907), pp. 119-120.
34. “The International Anarchist Conference,” Mother Earth 2:3 (May 1907), pp. 157-158
35. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 8:11 (January 1914), p. 325.
36. A Mother of Seven Children, “Birth Control,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 475-478.
37. Emma Goldman,“Mother Earth Tenth Anniversary,” Mother Earth 10:1 (March 1915), pp. 402-404
38. E. G., “An Urgent Appeal to My Friends,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 450-451.
39. Voltairine de Cleyre,“They Who Marry Do Ill,” Mother Earth 2:11 (January 1908), pp. 500-511.
40. 〈通信討論欄：答岸父〉，《民聲》雜誌，號 18 ( 1914 年 7 月 11 日)，頁 216。
41. Emma Goldman,“The Situation in America,” Mother Earth 2:7 (September 1907), pp. 270-274.
42. Leonard D. Abbott,“The Conviction of William Sanger,” Mother Earth 10:8 (October 1915), p. 268-271.
43. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 4:8 (October 1909), p. 226.
44. “Margaret Sanger Fund,” Mother Earth 11:1 (March 1916), p. 448.
45. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 3:2 (April 1908), p. 65.
46. “A Human Document,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 480-483.
47. Reb. Raney, “The Crowbar vs. Words,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 479-480.
48. 《大地之母》卷 5 期 12（1911 年 2 月）封面
49. Emma Goldman to Lillian Wald, Dec. 15, 1910
50. Emma Goldman,“The Tragedy at Buffalo,”Free Society (October 6, 1901)
51. Harold Titus, “The Carnegie Hall Meeting,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 483-486.
52. The Emma Goldman papers: A Microfilm Edition, reel 47, 48, 49, 52.
53. “The Boylsheviki Have Come to Challenge the World: The Truth about the Boylsheviki by Emma Goldman,” Mother Earth Bulletin 1:5 (February 1918), p. 8.
54. Emma Goldman, “Limitation of Offspring: Review of Dr. Wm. J. Robinson's Book,” Mother Earth 10:5 (July 1915), pp. 191-192.
55. Harry Kelly,“A Review of the Year,” Mother Earth 6:11 (January 1912), pp. 331-334.
56. Hippolyte Havel, "The Suffragettes," Mother Earth 4:12 (February 1910, pp. 378-383.
57. Hippolyte Havel, “Justice in Japan,” Mother Earth 5:11 (January 1911), pp. 354-358.
58. “A Proposition,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), p. 26.
59. “Advertisement: Marriage and Love,” Mother Earth 10:12 (February 1916).
60. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 5:11 (January 1911), p. 342.
61. Emma Goldman,“Submitted,” DerAnarchist (July 30, 1892), p. 4
62. “The Most Atrocious law-Extracts From Addresses Made at the Carnegie Hall Meeting,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 457-467.
63. “Welcome to Emma Goldman at Carnegie Hall, May 5th,” Mother Earth 11:3 (May 1916), p. 525.
64. Hippolyte Havel, “The Kotoku Case,” Mother Earth 5:10 (December 1910), pp. 315-321.
65. “Japan,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), p. 19.
66. “Anarchist Newspaper Circulation,” http://katesharpleylibrary.pbworks.com/w/page/13175715/Anarchist%20newspaper%20circulation [accessed Oct. 29, 2012]
67. Emma Goldman,“The White Slave Traffic,” Mother Earth 4:11 (January 1910), pp. 344-351.
68. Lawrence Rochester,“The Rightful Sanctions of Marriage,” Mother Earth 2:12 (February 1908), pp. 554-555.
69. “Emma Goldman before the Bar,” Mother Earth 11:3 (May 1916), pp. 496-503.
70. Leonard D. Abbott, “The Historical Side of the Birth Control Movement,” Mother Earth 11:2 (April 1916), pp. 450-456.
71. Emma Goldman to Margaret Sanger, April 9 and 14, 1914, in The Emma Goldman Papers: A Microfilm Edition, reel 4..
72. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 6:1 (March 1911), p. 6-7.
73. “Advertisement: The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation,” Mother Earth 2:2 (April 1907).
74. “Lectures by Emma Goldman,” Mother Earth 6:9 (November 1911), p. 257.
75. Emma Goldman, “Again the Birth Control Agitation,” Mother Earth 11:9 (November 1916), pp. 669-672.
76. “Kotoku's Correspondence with Albert Johnson,” Mother Earth 6:9 (September 1911), pp. 282-287.
77. Ben L. Reitman, M.D.,“Pinched',” Mother Earth 11:3 (May 1916), pp. 507-508.
78. John Russell Coryell,“Marriage or Free Union; Which?,” Mother Earth 2:12 (February 1908), pp. 566-578.
79. “International Notes,” Mother Earth 6:7 (September 1911), pp. 220-224.
80. “Paterson Anarchists Rejoice at the Shooting ," New York Time (September 7, 1901)
81. “Advertisement: The Sexual Question by August Forel,” Mother Earth 10:9 (November 1915).
82. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 2:6 (August 1907), p. 239.
83. “Observations and Comments,” Mother Earth 5:12 (February 1911), p. 370-373.
84. Emma Goldman,“Anent My Lecture Tour,” Mother Earth 2:10 (December 1907), pp. 473-474
85. Hippolyte Havel,“Long Live Anarchy,” Mother Earth 5:12 (February 1911), pp. 375-379.
86. John R. Coryell, “Comstockery,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), pp. 30-40.
87. Lillian Wald to Emma Goldman, Dec. 5, 1910
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89. “Kotoku's Correspondence with Albert Johnson,” Mother Earth 6:7 (September 1911), pp. 207-209.
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