運動、殖民與性別：近代上海英式狩獵活動中的女性

Sports, Empire and Gender: Women and the Chase in Shanghai, 1860-1945

張寧(Ning Jennifer Chang)

運動 ； 性別 ； 殖民社會 ； 上海 ； sports ； gender ； the British Empire ； Shanghai

近代中國婦女史研究

30期（2017 / 12 / 01）

1 - 66

繁體中文

本文以帝國邊緣的上海為案例，結合運動與殖民、運動與性別兩個主題，同時討論殖民社會中的華洋女性，觀察她們如何利用運動此一概念，突破體能、心理以及社會對她們的制約，從而大幅擴大其公共空間。受到英國傳統狩獵文化的影響，英式運動中，與馬匹、獵犬、獵槍有關者往往被放在較高位置，本文因此以賽馬、獵紙、賽狗三項活動為切入點。本文主張，殖民社會提供中上層女性難得的社會裂隙，一方面，英國母國森嚴的階級制度在此地被暫時性地打破與重塑，另一方面，中國傳統士農工商的階序也在此出現重新排列的機會。在這個更為自由的環境裡，跑馬場與賽狗場是滬上中上層女性發光的舞台，她們不只是觀眾，也是舉足輕重的賽馬馬主與賽狗主人，甚至是在曠野中跳躍奔馳的獵者。每當其勝出，她們的照片、名字刊登在中英文報刊與雜誌之上，光明正大，無須顧忌。通商口岸的社會裂隙提供女性前所未有的機會，而中上層女性也把握了此一機會，從父兄夫婿的背後走出，一舉顛覆了運動為男性領域的傳統，並大幅擴大了其公共生活的空間。

This article adopts the idea of informal empire and focuses on women in treaty-port Shanghai. Examining three representative British sports or the so-called ＂chase＂ at that time-that is, horse racing, paper hunting, and greyhound racing-this article shows that notwithstanding racial differences, British and Chinese elite women in Shanghai faced similar social constraints and adopted the same strategies. By joining the chase as spectators, prize awarders, horse owners, greyhound owners or even actual hunters, they successfully broke the physical and psychological restrictions that society imposed on them. This article argues China's treaty ports created a rare fissure for both British and Chinese women. Britain’s rigid class system was temporarily broken and re-organized while China's traditional social hierarchy was disrupted and re-formed. Exploiting this fissure and using sports as a kind of strategy, elite women managed to emerge from their fathers’ and brothers’ shadows and gain visibility in public life.

1. 張寧(2003)。是運動還是賭博？ ： 跑狗論述與現代上海的成型，1927-1933。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊，42，73-124。
   連結：
2. 湯志傑(2009)。體育與運動之間：從迥異於西方「國家∕市民社會」二分傳統的發展軌跡談運動在臺灣的現況。思與言，47(1)，1-126。
   連結：
3. The China Press, 1925-1938.
4. The North-China Herald, 1850-1867.
5. Cardew, A.R.D. All about Greyhound Racing. London: Mathews & Marrot, 1928.
6. Ezekiel, S. comp. Leaders of Commerce, Industry and Thought in China. Shanghai: Geo.T. Lloyd, 1924.
7. 〈寧波幫庄市籍人士〉，http://zs.zhxww.net/rwzs/rwzs/rwzs_sbgl/20080414145054.htm (2014 年9 月22 日).
8. The Shanghai Times, 1914-1921.
9. South China Morning Post, 1946-Current.
10. The Shanghai Gazette, 1919-1921.
11. Anderson, John L. “Our Horse Races in China.” Outing, vol. XVI, no.5, August 1890, pp. 367-371
12. The North-China Herald and Market Report, 1867-1869.
13. The Racing Record (Form at a Glance): A Complete Record of Racing at Shanghai, Kiangwan and Yangtszepoo for 1929. Vol. XII. Shanghai: The Shanghai Race Club, 1930.
14. The North China Desk Hong List. Shanghai: Shanghai North-China Daily News & Herald, 1901.
15. 《申報》（上海），1872-1949。
16. York Lo, “From No 1 on the Bund in Shanghai to a Kaolin Mine in Cha Kwo Ling, Hong Kong – the Century Old China Coast Saga of the McBains,” http://industrialhistoryhk.org/from-no-1-on-the-bund-in-shanghai-to-kaolin-mine-in-cha-kwo-ling-the-century-old-china-coast-saga-of-the-mcbains/#_edn9(2017 年5 月3 日).
17. Lanning, George. The History of Shanghai. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1921.
18. Olsen, A.W. comp. The Racing Record. Shanghai: printed and published by Kelly & Walsh, 1918.
19. The North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, 1870-1941.
20. Madsen Juel & Edmund Toeg. Celebrities of the Shanghai Turf: Sketches and Caricatures [s.l.: s.n., 1924?].
21. Lunt, Carroll comp. The China Who's Who 1927 (Foreign). Shanghai: 1927.
22. Rules of the Shanghai Race Club 1930. Shanghai: Shanghai Race Club, 1930.
23. The North China Daily News, 1939.
24. 《大光明》（上海），1929-1932。
25. Davis, C. Noel. A History of the Shanghai Paper Hunt Club, 1863-1930. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1930.
26. Nellist, George F. Men of Shanghai and North China: A Standard Biographical Reference Work. Shanghai: The Oriental Press, 1933.
27. The Racing Record (Form at a Glance): A Complete Record of Racing at Shanghai, Kiangwan and Yangtszepoo for 1934. Vol. XVII. Shanghai: The Shanghai Race Club, 1935.
28. 《競樂畫報》（上海），1935-1937。
29. 《晶報》（上海），1919-1940。
30. Men of Shanghai and North China. Shanghai: The University Press, 1935.
31. Bickers, Robert A.(1998).Shanghailanders: The Formation and Identity of the British Settler Community in Shanghai, 1843-1937.Past and Present,159,161-211.
32. Blake, Robert(1999).Jardine Matheson: Traders of the Far East.London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
33. Bourdieu, Pierre(1978).Sport and Social Class.Social Science Information,17(6),819-840.
34. Coates, Austin(1994).China Races.Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
35. Cochran, Sherman,Hsieh, Andrew(2013).The Lius of Shanghai.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
36. Elias, Norbert,Dunning, Eric(1986).Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process.Oxford:Basil Blackwell Ltd..
37. Leck, Greg(2006).Captives of Empire: The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China, 1941-1945.Bangor, PA:Shandy Press.
38. Lincoln, Toby(ed.),Tao, Xu(ed.)(2017).The Habitable City in China: Urban History in the Twentieth Century.London:Palgrave Macmillan US.
39. Mangan, J. A.(1998).The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal.London:F. Cass.
40. McDevitt, Patrick F.(2004).May the Best Man Win: Sport, Masculinity, and Nationalism in Great Britain and the Empire, 1880-1935.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
41. Mommsen, Wolfgang J.(ed.),Osterhammel, Jürgen(ed.)(1986).Imperialism and After: Continuities and Discontinuities.London:Allen & Unwin.
42. Munkwitz, Erica(2012).Vixens of Venery: Women, Sport, and Fox-Hunting in Britain, 1860-1914.Critical Survey,24(1),74-87.
43. Ridgway, Athelstan(ed.)(1950).Everyman's Encyclopedia.London:J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd..
44. 中國人民政治協商會議編、上海市委員會編、文史資料委員會編(1990)。舊上海的房地產經營。上海:上海人民出版社。
45. 中國第二歷史檔案館編(2001)。中國舊海關史料。北京:京華出版社。
46. 張寧(2014)。跳溝越澗：獵紙賽與上海殖民社會。「外僑與近代中國口岸城市」國際學術研討會，:
47. 張寧(2015)。總會、運動與殖民：清末民初之上海跑馬總會。中研院近代史研究所學術討論會
48. 張寧(2017)。從萬國到中國：近代上海的中國賽馬會。中研院近代史研究所學術討論會
49. 張寧(2016)。建一個自己的總會：上海萬國體育會。「跨區域與跨文化的接遇」國際學術研討會
50. 張緒諤(2009)。亂世風華：20 世紀40 年代上海生活與娛樂的回憶。上海:上海人民出版社。
51. 黃光域(1995)。外國在華工商企業辭典。成都:四川人民出版社。
52. 鄒依仁(1983)。舊上海人口變遷的研究。上海:上海人民出版社。
53. 熊月之編(2005)。上海名人名事名物大觀。上海:上海人民出版社。
54. 劉素芬訪問、莊樹華訪問、向明珠紀錄、陳怡如紀錄(2000)。一個經濟小兵的故事：顧應昌先生訪問紀錄。臺北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
55. 簾外風(2013)。上海大亨杜月笙續集。臺北:秀威資訊科技。
56. 酈千明(2010)。葉澄衷傳—從舢板少年到商界巨子。杭州:浙江大學出版社。

1. (2021)。近代臺灣休閒狩獵史。臺灣史研究，28(4)，121-162。