英文摘要
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In terms of historical continuity, the Sino-French Controversy or the Sino-French War of 1883-85 in Vietnam can be said to have been evolved out of a series of diplomatic relations between the Qing and Nguyen dynasties and the French imperial power during the nineteenth century. As seen from the angle of political culture, it could also be said to be an outcome of the conflict between the Chinese World Order and the emergent International Law system. The definition of sovereignty in the modern International Law and the concept of the traditional Chinese World Order has been an irresolvable paradox; each has its own premises, and this led not only to the conflict of ideals, but also to war. The Chinese World Order observes a normative order instead of the legal norm, which, as a kind of passive imperialism, might be called ”Imperialism des pauvres” (Imperialism of Pauper) as it were. Under it, and through the rituals, international or inter-state peace had once been obtainable at very low cost, and naturally enough, the constituent states were not totally independent, but interdependent in this hierarchical world.
Though the Nguyen dynasty accepted the Qing imperial decree as necessary to confer upon it the Kingship of Vietnam, but this did not mean a diminution of its de facto sovereignty or even suzerainty. Vietnam was able to form its own smaller Chinese World Order vis-à-vis that of Great China. The encounter of the West and China, especially after the Opium War, which exposed fully to Vietnam the weaknesses of Qing, had the effect of alienating the two states further. However, the Nguyen dynasty did not succeed in formulating an appropriate policy to manage the incoming occidental forces that overwhelmed the country and caused it to become one of the French colonies.
Having witnessed the Chinese World Order being destroyed by Western imperial forces, Vietnam quit the orbit of Chinese Empire and became bound to that of France and the new International Law. For itself, China accepted finally, however reluctantly, the realism of Western International Law, part of which at least means that the legal norm has now taken the place of the old rites.
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