题名 |
傳染病對太平天國戰局的影響 |
并列篇名 |
The Effects of Infectious Diseases during the Taiping Rebellion |
DOI |
10.6353/BIMHAS.200409.0001 |
作者 |
李玉尚(Yu-Shang Li) |
关键词 |
傳染病 ; 戰爭進程 ; 人口死亡 ; 影響 ; infectious diseases ; war process ; death tolls ; effects |
期刊名称 |
近代史研究所集刊 |
卷期/出版年月 |
45期(2004 / 09 / 01) |
页次 |
1 - 51 |
内容语文 |
繁體中文 |
中文摘要 |
作為中國近代史上規模最大的一次戰爭,傳染病對太平天國戰區的軍事活動和人口究竟產生了何種程度的影響?現有的研究或者未能完全揭示,或者否認軍事醫史學家的共識。本文研究的目的並不僅僅是要回答上述問題,而是嘗試進一步探討,在太平天國戰區這一特定的地理區域內,到底是哪些傳染病深刻地影響了戰區的人口,又是通過何種途徑影響戰區人口?通過這一典型案例,來解釋歷史時期中國人口數量的「大起大落」的現象。 傳染病使軍隊大量減員,影響了戰爭進程,延長了戰爭的時問,特別是同治元年的霍亂流行,對戰爭的進程起了戲劇性的影響。傳染病也是戰區人口大量死亡的最主要的因素。戰爭使戰區常見的傳染病(如瘧疾、痢疾、傷寒、回歸熱等)危害加劇,但這些急性傳染病傳染性並不是特別強,病死率也不高。烈性傳染病使戰爭的烈度大大加強,只是鼠疫、天花傳染的區域有限,因而只對局部地區產生影響。古典型霍亂則顯得與眾不同,它在戰爭的後期傳入,並在戰區普遍流行,對於免疫機能已經大大下陣的民眾,此一疾病產生的影響是毀滅性的。透過皖南地區的鄉老傳說,不能不讓人揣測,在造成人口銳減的重大戰爭中,一般規律就是,疫病死亡人數佔全部人口損失的70%和戰前當地總人口的40%。 |
英文摘要 |
The Taiping Rebellion has been regarded as the greatest war in modern Chinese history. But how did infectious diseases affect military actions and the population during the war? Research has thus far failed either to explain the issues fully or has even denied the standard views of medical scholars. The purpose of this essay is not only to answer the above question, but also to discuss how and what kinds of infectious diseases affected the populations in Taiping-controlled areas. Through this model case, we further try to explain historical instances of the ”great rise and fall” in Chinese demography. Infectious diseases greatly reduced the number of the soldiers in the army, affected the progress of the war, and prolonged the war, especially in the reign of Tongzhi when the epidemic disease cholera had a dramatic effect on the course of the war. Infectious diseases were also the main factor behind the war's death toll. Acute contagious diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, and typhoid fever were aggravated by the war, but their rates of infection were not very high and so their death rate remained relatively low. Similarly, severe infectious diseases intensified the war, but plague and smallpox only infected a few areas. However, classical biotype cholera was quite different. It began to spread in the latter stages of the war and became an epidemic in war zones. It had a destructive effect on the people whose immune systems were already weakened. According to the rural legends of the Wannan Area, it was a general rule that in major wars the population would be drastically cut-70 percent dying from infectious diseases-totalling some 40 percent of the total local population before the war. |
主题分类 |
人文學 >
歷史學 |
参考文献 |
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被引用次数 |