英文摘要
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This article examines Yan Fu's experiences during his period at the Northern Naval College in Tianjin (1880-1900) to see how, as he became increasingly frustrated with politics, he turned to a new career in translation. The article is divided into three main sections:
First, Yan Fu's career at the Northern Naval College. This author uses The Complete Collection of the Resumes of Qing Officials and other sources to explore the progress of Yan's career at the College. These records indicate that Yan started his teaching job as a superintendent for Western learning. In 1884 he was awarded by the emperor for effectively running the Northern Naval College. In 1889 he was promoted to be vice president, and in 1893 he became president of the College.
Second, Yan Fu's experiences with the civil service examinations and their influence on his career trajectory. During Yan's Tianjin period, he spent more than a decade preparing for the civil service examinations. He took the examinations four times, failing each time. This highly frustrating experience helped him understand China's institutional shortcomings while also giving him an opportunity to read the traditional classics and thereby obtain a good command of the classical language. Later he was able to use elegant Chinese to translate Western works, which brought him fame as a translator.
Third, Yan Fu's friendship with Lu Zengxiang and Wu Rulun. Yan, Lu, and Wu all belonged to the Li Hongzhang group, and the contribution of Lu and Wu to The Theory of Natural Evolution (Tianyan lun, a translation of Huxley's Evolution and Ethics) was indispensable. Lu was Yan's good friend, and Yan's son was married to Lu's daughter. Wu, a master of the Tongcheng School, was highly respected by Yan, and he corresponded with Yan closely between 1896 and 1903 on various issues. Lu and Wu proofread Yan's translation of Evolution and Ethics. Therefore, the success of The Theory of Natural Evolution was achieved not by Yan alone but by a group of people. Wu in particular gave Yan numerous suggestions, wrote a preface, and produced an abridged version to spread the book's ideas to school students. This article argues that for Yan, doing translation was only his second choice. His preferred career trajectory would have been official service: he wanted to be trusted by the emperor and to help govern the country. Thus, Yan's turn to translation should be seen less as a departure from politics and a turn toward scholarship, and more as a form of political participation through translation.
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