英文摘要
|
Memory is not exactly the same as history. If history is organized memory, memory is an amorphous phenomenon, though it is capable of prossessing voluminous information across time and space. Every individual has his or her memory, but due to biological, ideological, and in particular social interference, memory is normally unstable. One may forget, misunderstand, distort, or exaggerate the events being incorporated as memory. The anonymous collective memory especially is formulated by the society in which individuals live. Such memories are invariably distorted, thus capable of losing truth, while history in the final analysis seeks objectivity and truth. As well, memory is a repetition or recollection of what has happened, while history interprets the past events. The historian hence endeavors to make past events more objective and truthful.
This paper examines the images and facts of the life of Yehonala, known as the Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Qing dynasty, through the lens of collective memory, showing in what ways collective memory has misunderstood the past through an examination of the <||>facts<||> of Cixi’s life. She was the de facto ruler of China for nearly half a century. Individual memories of her, due to personal and ideological differences, are distinctly different. Prior to and following the downfall of the Qing dynasty, largely thanks to the persistent propaganda launched by the reformers as well as the revolutionaries, she was turned into a symbol of great evil in the collective memory of Chinese communities around the world. They continue even today to use Cixi as a trope for the power-hungry woman. Although historians may provide us with a more balanced account of her, either to rebut or confirm specific memories, it is most unlikely that history can eliminate the largely negative collective memory that deeply resides in Chinese communities of various sorts.
|
参考文献
|
-
(1978)。熱河密札。近代史資料,1,1-10。
連結:
-
(1964)。大清穆宗毅(同治)皇帝實錄(一)、(八)。台北:華文書局。
-
光緒
-
(1964)。大清德宗景(光緒)皇帝實錄(八)。台北:華文書局。
-
(1975)。漢書·霍光傳。北京:中華書局。
-
(2008).Arsenic Killed Chínese Emperor.China Daily reports quoted in CNN.com/asia.
-
宋孫甫、清紀昀總纂(1983)。文淵閣四庫全書。台北:台灣商務印書館據國立故宮博物院。
-
唐張守節(1983)。史記正義。台北:台灣商務印書館。
-
唐劉知幾(1968)。史通。台北:台灣商務印書館。
-
清王國維、氏著(1976)。海寧王靜安先生遺書。台北:台灣商務印書館。
-
清王照小航口述、王樹枬筆錄(1973)。德宗遺事。台北:台灣學生書局。
-
清吳光耀(1925)。慈禧三大功德記,1、2
-
清李慈銘(1920)。越縵堂日記。上海:商務印書館。
-
清金梁(1934)。清后外傳。上海:上海書店。
-
清金梁。清宮史略。
-
清徐珂(1917)。清稗類鈔。上海:商務印書館。
-
清柴萼(1988)。梵天廬叢錄,2
-
清翁同龢(1925)。翁文恭公日記,l、3、10
-
清康有為、湯志鈞編(1981)。康有為政論集。北京:中華書局。
-
清康有為、湯志鈞編(1981)。康有為政論集。北京:中華書局。
-
清康有為、湯志鈞編(1981)。康有為政論集。北京:中華書局。
-
清章炳麟來稿、湯志鈞編(1899)。清議報。北京:中華書局。
-
清章炳麟來稿、湯志鈞編(1977)。章太炎政論選集。北京:中華書局。
-
清惲毓鼎、廣文編譯所主編(1972)。清史集腋。台北:廣文書局。
-
清趙爾巽撰(1998)。清史稿。北京:中華書局。
-
清德齡著、秦瘦鷗譯。慈禧外傳。上海:春江書局。
-
清蔡郕(1915)。清代史論。上海:上海會文堂。
-
清蔡壽祺(1970)。道咸同光四朝奏議。台北:台灣商務印書館。
-
清薛福成著、朱太忙標點(1935)。新式標點庸菴筆記。上海:大達圖書供應社。
-
清瞿鴻機(1970)。聖德記略。台北:文海出版社。
-
清羅惇□、廣文編譯所主編(1972)。清史集腋。台北:廣文書局。
-
Backhouse, Edmund,J. O. P. Bland.(1970).Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, from the 16th to the 20th Century.New York:AMS Press.
-
Bland, J. O. P.,Edmund Backhouse.(1910).China under the Empress Dowager: Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi..Philadelphia:J. P. Lippincott Co.,.
-
Bonner, Joey.(1986).Wang Kuo-wei: An Intellectual Biography.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
-
Carl, Katharine A.(1907).With the Empress Dowager of China.New York:Century.
-
Commager, Henry S.(1966).The Nature and the Study History.Columbus:Charles E. Merrill.
-
Halbwachs, Maurice.,Jr. Francis J. Ditter (Translated),Vida Yazdi Ditter(1980).The Collective Memory.New York:Harper & Row.
-
Halbwachs, Maurice.,Lewis A. Coser. (Translated and edited)(1992).On Collective Memory.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
-
Hutton, Patrick H.(1993).History as an Art of Memory..Burlington:University of Vermont Press.
-
Le Goff, Jacques.,Steven Rendall(Translated),Elizabeth Claman(1992).History and Memory..New York:Columbia University Press.
-
Seagrave, Sterling.(1992).With the collaboration of Peggy Seagrave.New York:Alfred A. Knopf.
-
Tan, Ch''un-lin.(1955).The Boxer Cotastrophe.New York:Columbia University Press.
-
Trevor-Roper, Hugh.(1978).Hermit of Peking: The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse.New York:Penguin Books.
-
Warner, Marina.(1972).The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz'u-hsi 1835-1908. Empress Dowager of China.New York:Atheneum.
-
Wong, Young-tsu.(1992).Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898.Journal of Asian Studies,51(3),513-544.
-
Wright, Mary C.(1966).The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874.New York:Atheneum.
-
丁燕石(2005)。這一朝,興也太后亡也太后:亡·慈禧。台北:遠流出版事業股份有限公司。
-
中國明清史檔案文獻光盤庫K-1(1998)。清代檔案史料叢編。台北:漢鑫經銷。
-
王栻(1958)。慈禧太后傳。香港:文淵書店。
-
王樹槐(1965)。外人與戊戌變法。台北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
-
王闔運(1917)。王湘綺先生錄祺祥故事。東方雜誌,14(12),93-96。
-
旭人(1946)。漫談慈禧太后。婦女月刊,5(2),24-26。
-
吳宓著、吳學昭整理(2005)。吳宓詩話。北京:商務印書館。
-
吳相湘(1952)。晚清宮庭實紀。台北:正中書局。
-
吳澤主編、袁英光選編(1983)。王國維學術研究論集。上海:華東師範大學出版社。
-
吳澤主編、袁英光選編(1990)。王國維學術研究論集。上海:華東師範大學出版社。
-
吳澤主編、袁英光選編(1987)。王國維學術研究論集。上海:華東師範大學出版社。
-
李知宴(1977)。〈慈禧是陰謀篡權的野心家〉,「文物與考古」。光明日報,56,3。
-
汪榮祖(2004)。追尋失落的圓明園。台北:麥田出版社。
-
汪榮祖(2002)。史學九章。台北:麥田出版社。
-
屈桂庭(1937)。診治光緒皇帝密記。逸經,29,46-47。
-
俞炳坤著(1985)。西太后。北京:紫禁城出版社。
-
胡思敬、榮孟源主編、章伯鋒主編(1985)。近代稗海。成都:四川人民出版社。
-
徐徹(1994)。慈禧大傳。瀋陽:遼瀋書社。
-
徐徹(2005)。正說慈禧。上海:上海古籍出版社。
-
袁定中、周康燮主編(1973)。戊戌維新研究論集。香港:崇文書店。
-
曹秀雲(2008)。中國時報。
-
許全勝(2004)。博士論文(博士論文)。上海,華東師範大學中文系。
-
許指嚴著(1994)。史說慈禧。瀋陽:遼瀋書社。
-
陳永正校注(2000)。王國維詩詞全編校注。廣州:中山大學出版社。
-
陳香編著(1990)。楹聯古今談。台北:國家出版社。
-
陳寅恪、氏著(1980)。上海,上海古籍出版社。
-
章君穀著(1972)。慈禧與珍妃。台北:中外雜誌社。
-
凱瑟琳·卡爾著、晏方譯(2001)。禁苑黃昏-一個美國女畫師眼中的西太后。上海:百家出版社。
-
湯志鈞編(1977)。章太炎政論選集。北京:中華書局。
-
費行簡(1967)。近代名人小傳。台北:文海出版社。
-
費行簡摘抄、鄭椒若摘抄(1937)。慈禧傳信錄。青鶴,5(8),1-5。
-
費行簡摘抄、鄭椒若摘抄(1937)。慈禧傳信錄。青鶴,5(12)
-
黃濬(1965)。花隨人聖盦摭憶。香港:龍門書店。
-
黃濬(1970)。花隨人聖庵摭憶補篇。香港:大華出版社。
-
葉赫那拉·根正、郝曉輝(2005)。我所知道的慈禧太后:慈禧曾孫口述實錄。北京:金城出版社。
-
劉北汜編、商鴻逵著(2004)。實說慈禧。北京:紫禁城出版社。
-
劉奇編著(2005)。慈禧生平。北京:中國社會出版社。
-
劉博崑(1956)。清議與干戈。自由中國,15(9),687-688。
-
蔡東藩(1980)。慈禧太后演義。杭州:浙江人民出版社。
-
濮蘭德、白克好司拜克豪斯(1934)。慈禧外記。上海:中華書局。
-
寶成關(1990)。奕訢慈禧政爭記。長春:吉林文史出版社。
|