「港際工程」：1875年來自日本的兩位荷蘭水利工程師對上海吳淞內沙的調查

Inter-Port Engineering: A Survey of the Woosung Bar near Shanghai by Two Dutch Hydrographic Engineers from Japan in 1875

朱瑪瓏(Marlon Zhu)

吳淞內沙 ； 水文知識 ； 艾雪 ； 奈格 ； 港際工程 ； Woosung Bar ； hydrographical knowledge ； Escher ； Rijke ； inter-port engineering

近代史研究所集刊

90期（2015 / 12 / 01）

55 - 93

繁體中文

黃浦江靠近吳淞一段水下泥沙淤積，在1870年代成為至中國貿易的新興大型、吃水較深輪船進出上海港之風險。上海的輪船航運、海上保險業的商人屢次集體向中外官方請願，要求疏濬「吳淞內沙」（TheWoosung Inner Bar）。他們在上海的媒體—中、英文報紙—上鼓動風潮，塑造清淤實屬必要的輿論。然而，總理衙門和轄下的海關與英、美兩國駐北京公使皆懷疑清淤之必要性。為了突破僵局，上海商人在上海各國領事會議的支持下，從日本請來受僱於明治政府的兩位荷蘭工程師艾雪（George Arnold Escher, 1843-1939）與奈格（Johannis de Rijke,1842-1913），再一次對吳淞內沙進行詳盡的水文調查。本文根據其調查報告，加上當時中外報紙、外交領事人員報告及總理衙門檔案等材料，說明這一工程計畫的緣由，並藉此論證水文知識的流通與水利工程專業的型塑，在十九世紀最後幾十年的中國，有一個跨國港際的商業脈絡。這一港際商業脈絡勾勒出一群以往未被重視的跨國在地港際商業社群，對進一步以社會建構論深入研究十九世紀東亞通商口岸的科學技術醫療史至為關鍵。

The silting up of the Huangpu River at Woosung near Shanghai had been reported by the local press as troublesome to steam ships’ access to Shanghai by the 1870s. The delays caused by the silting became one of the most vexing problems faced by the Shanghai mercantile community, city administrators, and diplomatic authorities, both Chinese and foreign. The necessity of dredging broached by shipping companies and underwriters, was, however, questioned not only by the Chinese administration, but also by foreign consular authorities of Britain and the U.S. in Beijing. To refute the official opposition to dredging, the Shanghai merchants had asked help from George Arnold Escher and Johannis de Rijke, two Dutch engineers hired by the Japanese government, to make a survey of the Woosung Inner Bar in 1875. This article argues that there existed, as seen in this case, a transnational mercantile class that actively engaged in the formation of hydraulic knowledge and the profession of hydrographical engineering in modern East Asia.

1. Fix, Douglas(2014)。Charting Formosan Waters: British Surveys of Taiwan's Ports and Seas, 1817-1867。漢學研究，32(2)，7-48。
   連結：
2. Imperial Maritime Customs. Woosung Inner Bar. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1894.
3. (British) Foreign Office File 233/96
4. Pott, Francis Lister Hawks. A Short History of Shanghai: Being an Account of the Growth and Development of the International Settlement. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1928.
5. Conley, Mark. “Antique Equipment and Machinery Scans.” http://www.machineryscans.com/dredge%20osgood%201.jpg (accessed July 21, 2014).
6. 《總理各國事務衙門檔案》，臺北：中央研究院近代史研究所藏。
7. The North-China Daily News (Shanghai), 1874, 1875.
8. 《萬國公報》（上海），1876。
9. 《軍機處檔摺件》，臺北：國立故宮博物院藏。
10. Morse, H. B. The International Relations of the Chinese Empire. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1910-18.
11. 張德澤編，《清季各國照會目錄‧第一冊‧英國》，北平：故宮博物院文獻館編印，1935。
12. Whangpoo Conservancy Board, The Port of Shanghai. Shanghai: Whangpoo Conservancy Board, General Series, Report No. 8, 1929.
13. Correspondence Respecting the State of the Woosung Bar, near Shanghai, Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 1874. London: Harrison and Sons, 1874
14. 《申報》（上海），1874。
15. Escher, George Arnold, and Johannis de Rijke. Report upon the Woosung Bar. Shanghai: The North-China Herald Office, 1876.
16. The North China Herald (Shanghai), 1862, 1871-1876.
17. MS Despatches from U. S. Consuls in Shanghai, China, 1847-1906.
18. 《外務部檔案》，臺北：中央研究院近代史研究所藏。
19. 《上海港史話》編寫組編(1979)。上海港史話。上海:上海人民出版社。
20. Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham、Evans, Ivor H.(1970)。Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable。New York:Harper & Brothers Publisher。
21. Burks, Ardath W.(1985).The West's Inreach: the Oyatoi Gaikokujin.The Modernizers: Overseas Students, Foreign Employees, and Meiji Japan,Boulder:
22. Cain, P. J.,Hopkins, A. G.(1993).British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914.London:Longman.
23. Chen, Xiafeied.、Han, Rongfanged.(1990)。Archives of China's Imperial Maritime Customs: Confidential Correspondence Between Robert Hart and James Duncan Campbell, 1874-1907。Beijing:Foreign Language Press。
24. Harcourt, Freda(2006).Flagship of Imperialism: the P. & O. Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
25. Jones, Hazel J.(1980).Live Machines: Hired Foreigners and Meiji Japan.Vancouver:University of British Columbia Press.
26. Jones, Hazel J.(1985).The Griffis Thesis and Meiji Policy toward Hired Foreigners.The Modernizers: Overseas Students, Foreign Employees, and Meiji Japan,Boulder:
27. Kamibayashi、 Yoshiyuki(2009).Two Dutch Engineers and Improvements of Public Works in Japan.Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History,Cottbus:
28. Lambert, Andrew(2015).Economic Power, Technological Advantage, and Imperial Strength: Britain as a Unique Global Power, 1860-1890.International Journal of Naval History,5(2)
29. Liu, Ts'ui-jung(ed.)(2016).Local Realities and Environmental Changes in the History of East Asia.London:Routledge.
30. Reidy, Michael S.(2008).Tides of History: Ocean Science and Her Majesty's Navy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
31. Schwantes, Robert S.(1985).Foreign Employees in the Development of Japan.The Modernizers: Overseas Students, Foreign Employees, and Meiji Japan,Boulder:
32. Zhu, Marlon(2012).State University of New York at Binghamton.
33. アーダス．バークス編、梅溪昇監譯(1990)。近代化の推進者たち：留学生‧お雇い外国人と明治。京都:思文閣。
34. 上林好之(1999)。日本の川を甦らせた技師—デ・レイケ。東京:草思社。
35. 王榮華編(2007)。上海大辭典。上海:上海辭書出版社。
36. 李宗羲、方宗誠編(1969)。開縣李尚書政書。臺北:成文出版社。
37. 松本郁美(2001)。初代上海領事品川忠道に関する一考察。史窓，58，281-292。
38. 松浦茂樹(1992)。明治の国土開発史：近代土木技術の礎。東京:鹿島出版?。
39. 郝延平、陳潮譯、陳任譯(1991)。中國近代商業革命。上海:上海人民出版社。
40. 梁元生(2003)。上海道臺研究：轉變社會中之聯繫人物，1843-1890。上海:上海古籍出版社。
41. 梁蒲貴修、吳康壽修、朱延射纂、潘履祥纂(1991)。［光緒］寶山縣志。上海:上海書店。
42. 劉廣京、邱錫鑅譯、曹鐵珊譯(1988)。英美航運勢力在華的競爭，1862-1874 年。上海:上海社會科學出版社。

1. 游博清(2020)。晚清英人對閩江下游水文知識的構建與運用（1843-1884）。故宮學術季刊，37(3)，135-162。
2. 游博清(2021)。上海國際連結之一開端：西人與滬城通海航道安全知識的建構與實踐（1843－1858）。近代史研究所集刊，114，1-39。