英文摘要
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The transformation of the power relations between state and society during China's crisis-ridden nineteenth century has long drawn scholarly attention. It is generally accepted that from the Jiaqing reign, the gentry class played an increasingly significant role in local administration. During the Restoration period under the Tongzhi and Guangxu emperors, the public sphere and elite activism further developed on the district level until rapid urbanization, modernization, and state-building in late Qing and early Republic period exacerbated the outflow of educated elites and their sense of local identity declined, thereby destroying the cultural nexus of power. However, in discussions of localism and elite activism, scholars usually focus solely on the legitimacy of gentry power granted by the state, but ignore the problem of public trust from below. Through close reading of diaries, private narratives, gazetteers, and ballads, this article examines Jiangnan society and the gentry-society relationship from local perspectives, revealing the limitations of gentry mobilization and the popular distrust towards figures who were active in the managerial public sphere. The fragmentation of local community was already evident in the nineteenth century, and the bottom-up channel of local administration lost its effectiveness. The increase of gentry power could not unite the community but rather caused even more popular protest instead. The trust crisis also offset various efforts to solve problems. The conditions of the early twentieth century thus not only resulted from urbanization, modernization, and state-building, but also from the continuation of local historical trends rooted in the previous century.
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