题名

網絡結構對已國際化中小企業之海外市場績效影響：以知識移轉作為中介變數

并列篇名

The Influences of Network Structure on Internationalized SMEs' Foreign Market Performance: Knowledge Transfer as a Mediator

DOI

10.3966/199687602015080802004

作者

林谷合(Ku-Ho Lin)；連勇智(Yung-Chih Lien)；彭耀平(Yao-Ping Peng)

关键词

吸收能力 ； 知識移轉 ； 社會資本 ； 海外市場績效 ； 組織學習 ； absorptive capability ； knowledge transfer ； social capital ； foreign market performance ； organization learning

期刊名称

組織與管理

卷期/出版年月

8卷2期（2015 / 08 / 01）

页次

115 - 174

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

國際化的中小企業雖然已經克服國際化前資源的缺乏，但在國外市場若要與當地市場中的競爭者競爭，卻還需具備更多的知識及資源。在這個面向上，過去研究存在尚未解答的問題，包括：一、是否能繼續取得本土網絡所帶來的知識、資訊以及經驗；二、國際化後的績效是否可透過取得網絡中的知識及資訊而成長。再者，中小企業要如何從網絡中取得有價值的知識，則有賴於知識移轉機制的設置，因為知識移轉機制能將網絡中的知識與資訊進行有效率的篩選，取得有價值的內隱知識與外顯知識。因此，本研究整合社會資本與組織學習理論，探討網絡結構如何透過知識移轉的中介效果影響海外市場績效，以及在知識移轉影響海外市場績效的過程中，受到廠商吸收能力的干擾效果。本研究以製造業為母體，對已國際化之中小企業發放1,000份問卷，扣除20份無效問卷後，共152份有效問卷，並利用多元迴歸及線性結構方程模式來檢驗假設的顯著性。研究結果顯示，關係鑲嵌會正向影響知識移轉，結構鑲嵌對於知識移轉之影響僅部分支持；知識移轉之內隱知識會正向影響海外市場績效，外顯知識對海外市場績效影響則不支持；吸收能力顯著影響知識移轉與海外市場績效間之關係。最後，本研究根據分析結果提出研究結論、理論與實務意涵、研究限制及未來研究方向。
英文摘要

Although internationalized SMEs have overcome the constraints of resources before internationalization, they have to obtain more knowledge and resources to compete against competitors in the foreign market. According to this point, there are still existing unsolved problems over past literatures. First, whether SMEs could obtain knowledge, information, and experience from domestic network continuously. Second, whether SMEs’ internationalization performance keep growing with the knowledge and information obtained from domestic network. According to the discussion above, this study intended to integrate the views of social capital and organization learning theory on knowledge transfer (tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge) and propose a mediating relationship between network structure (relational and structural embeddedness) and foreign market performance (product innovation and market performance). Moreover, this study also proposed that a firm’s absorptive capability would moderate the relationship between knowledge transfer and foreign market performance. Survey samples of this study were randomly selected from the database of manufacturing industries offered by the Taiwanese official authorities. A total number of 150 valid samples were obtained. Multiple regression analysis and structure equation model (SEM) were adopted to probe into the correlation among network structure, knowledge transfer, and foreign market performance in the manufacturing industry. The findings show that relational embeddedness positively influences knowledge transfer; relationship between structural embeddedness and knowledge transfer partially support; tacit knowledge of knowledge transfer positively influences foreign market performance; no support is found for hypothesis linking explicit knowledge directly with foreign market performance; and the moderating effect of absorptive capability has significant impact on the relationship between knowledge transfer and foreign market performance. Finally, there are some conclusions, theoretical and practical implications, limitations and suggestions provided for the future study.
主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. Tsai, B. K.(2006).Research into the relationships between social capital, leisure participation, and health.Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study,19(1),1-25.
    連結：
  2. 中華人民共和國國家統計局（ 2013 ）。中國統計年鑑（ 2012 年版）。取自http://www.stats.gov.cn/
  3. Adler, P. S.,Kwon, S. W.(2002).Social capital: Prospects for a new concept.Academy of Management Review,27(1),17-40.
  4. Aiken, L. S.,West, S. G.(1991).Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  5. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin,103(3),411-423.
  6. Andersson, U.,Holm, D. B.,Johanson, M.(2007).Moving or doing? Knowledge flow, problem solving, and change in industrial networks.Journal of Business Research,60(1),32-40.
  7. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Academic of Marketing Science,16(1),76-94.
  8. Barney, J.(1991).Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.Journal of Management,17(1),99-120.
  9. BarNir, A.,Smith, K. A.(2002).Interfirm alliances in the small business: The role of social network.Journal of Small Business Management,40(3),219.
  10. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
  11. Bartlett, C.,Ghoshal, S.(1995).Changing the role of top management: Beyond systems to people.Harvard Business Review,73(3),132-143.
  12. Bierly, P.,Damanpour, F.,Santoro, M. D.(2009).The application of external knowledge: Organizational conditions for exploration and exploitation.Journal of Management Studies,46(3),481-509.
  13. Birkinshaw, J.,Nobel, R.,Ridderstrale, J.(2002).Knowledge as a contingency variable: Do the characteristics of knowledge predict organization structure.Organization Science,13(3),274-289.
  14. Burt, R.(1992).Structural holes.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
  15. Burt, R.(2000).The network structure of social capital.Research in organizational behavior,New York, NY:
  16. Capron, L.(1999).The long-term performance of horizontal acquisitions.Strategic Management Journal,20(5),103-118.
  17. Chen, T. J.(2003).Network resources for internationalization: The case of Taiwan's electronics firms.Journal of Management Studies,40(5),1107-1130.
  18. Chetty, S.,Campbell-Hunt, C.(2003).Explosive international growth and problems of success amongst small to medium-sized firms.International Small Business Journal,21(1),5-27.
  19. Cohen, W.,Levinthal, D.(1990).Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(11),128-152.
  20. Coleman, R.(1988).Social capital in the creation of human capital.American Journal of Sociology,94,95-120.
  21. Collins, J. D.,Hitt, M. A.(2006).Leveraging tacit knowledge in alliances: The importance of using relational capabilities to build and leverage relational capital.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,23(3),147-167.
  22. Dhanaraj, C.,Lyles, M. A.,Steensma, H. K.,Tihanyi, L.(2004).Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: The role of relational embeddedness and the impact on performance.Journal of International Business Studies,35(5),428-442.
  23. Dyer, J. H.,Nobeoka, K.(2000).Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge sharing network: The TOYOTA case.Strategic Management Journal,21(3),345-367.
  24. Escribano, A.,Fosfuri, A.,Tribó, J.(2009).Managing knowledge spillovers: The impact of absorptive capacity on innovation performance.Research Policy,38(1),6-105.
  25. Evangelista, F.,Hau, L.(2009).Organizational context and knowledge acquisition in IJVs: An empirical study.Journal of World Business,44,63-73.
  26. Fabrizio, K. R.(2009).Absorptive capacity and the search for innovation.Research Policy,38(2),255-267.
  27. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D.(1981).Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
  28. Freeman, L. C.(1979).Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification.Social Networks,1(1),215-239.
  29. Galaskiewicz, J.,Zaheer, A.(1999).Networks of competitive advantage.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
  30. Gaur, A. S.,Delios, A.,Singh, K.(2007).Institutional environments, staffing strategies, and subsidiary performance.Journal of Management,33(4),611-636.
  31. Gilbert, M.,Gordey-Hayes, M.(1996).Understanding the process of knowledge transfer to achieve successful technological innovation.Technovation,16(6),365-385.
  32. Gong, Y.(2003).Toward a dynamic process model of staffing composition and subsidiary outcomes in multinational enterprises.Journal of Management,29,259-280.
  33. Granovetter, M.(1982).The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited.Social structure and network analysis,Beverly Hills, CA:
  34. Granovetter, M. S.(1985).Economic action and social structure: A theory of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,91,481-510.
  35. Granovetter, M. S.(1992).Problems of explanation in economic sociology.Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action,Boston, MA:
  36. Grant, R. M.(1996).Toward to a knowledge-based theory of the firm.Strategic Management Journal,17(4),109-122.
  37. Griffith, D. A.,Harvey, M. G.(2004).The influence of individual and firm level social capital of marketing managers in a firms, global network.Journal of World Business,39(3),244-254.
  38. Gukarati, D. N.(2003).Basic econometrics.Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill.
  39. Gulati, R.(1999).Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation.Strategic Management Journal,20(5),397-420.
  40. Gulati, R.(1998).Alliances and networks.Strategic Management Journal,19(17),293-317.
  41. Gulati, R.(1995).Social structure and alliance formation patterns: A longitudinal analysis.Administrative Science Quarterly,40(4),619-652.
  42. Gulati, R.,Nohria, N.,Zaheer, A.(2000).Strategic networks.Strategic Management Journal,21(3),203-215.
  43. Gupta, A. K.,Govindarajan, V.(2000).Knowledge flows within the multinational corporation.Strategic Management Journal,21,473-496.
  44. Haldin-Herrgard, T.(2000).Difficulties in diffusion of tacit knowledge in organizations.Journal of Intellectual Capital,1(4),357-367.
  45. Hansen, M. T.(1999).The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits.Administrative Science Quarterly,44(1),82-111.
  46. Harem, T.,Krogh, G.,Roos, J.(1994).Managing knowledge-perspectives on cooperation and competition.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  47. Hau, L. N.,Evangelista, F.(2007).Acquiring tacit and explicit marketing knowledge from foreign partners in IJVs.Journal of Business Research,60,1152-1165.
  48. Huysman, M. H.,Creemers, M.,Derksen, F.(1998).Learning from the environment, exploring the relation between organizational learning, knowledge management and information/ communication technology.Proceedings of Americas Conference Association for Information System,Baltimore:
  49. Inkpen, A. C.,Dinur, A.(1998).Knowledge management processes and international joint ventures.Organization Science,9(4),454-468.
  50. Inkpen, A. C.,Tsang, W. K.(2005).Social capital, network, and knowledge transfer.Academy of Management Review,30(1),146-165.
  51. Jiang, X.,Gao, S.,Li, Y.(2008).How trust, dependence and prior ties influence the stability of alliances.Journal of General Management,34(1),1-17.
  52. Johanson, J.,Mattsson, L. G.(1988).Internationalization in industrial systems: A network approach.Strategies in global competition,Amsterdam, North Holland:
  53. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J. E.(1978).The internationalization process of the firm.International Executive,20(1),19-21.
  54. Katila, R.,Ahuja, G.(2002).Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction.Academy of Management Journal,45,1183-1194.
  55. Kenis, P.,Knoke, D.(2002).How organizational field networks shape interorganizational tie-formation rates.Academy of Management Review,27,275-293.
  56. Ketchen, D. J.,Hult, G. T. M.(2011).Marketing and organization theory:Opportunities for synergy.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,39,481-483.
  57. Khamseh, H. M.,Jolly, D. R.(2008).Knowledge transfer in alliances: Determinant factors.Journal of Knowledge Management,12(1),37-50.
  58. Kim, K. K.,Park, S. H.,Ryoo, S. Y.,Park, S. K.(2010).Inter-organizational cooperation in buyer-supplier relationships: Both perspectives.Journal of Business Research,63(8),863-869.
  59. Knudsen, M. P.,Mortensen, T. B.(2011).Some immediate - but negative - effects of openness on product development efforts.Technovation,31,54-64.
  60. Kogut, B.,Zander, U.(1992).Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology.Organization Science,3(3),383-397.
  61. Kohli, A. K.,Jaworski, B. J.(1990).Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications.Journal of Marketing,54(2),1-18.
  62. Koka, B. R.,Prescott, J. E.(2002).Strategic alliances as social capital: A multidimensional view.Strategic Management Journal,23(9),795-816.
  63. Krackhardt, D.(1992).The strength of strong tie: The implication of philos in organizations.Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action,Boston, MA:
  64. Lane, P. J.,Koka, B. R.,Pathak, S.(2006).The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct.The Academy of Management Review,31(4),833-863.
  65. Lane, P. J.,Salk, J. E.,Lyles, M. A.(2001).Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures.Strategic Management Journal,22(12),1139-1161.
  66. Lee, H.,Kelley, D.,Lee, J.,Lee, S.(2012).SME survival: The impact of internationalization, technology resources, and alliances.Journal of Small Business Management,50(1),1-19.
  67. Leiponen, A.(2006).Managing knowledge for innovation: The case of businessto- business services.The Journal of Product Innovation Management,23(3),238-258.
  68. Leonard, D.,Sensiper, S.(1998).The role of tacit knowledge in group innovation.California Management Review,40(3),112-132.
  69. Leonard-Barton, D.(1995).Well springs of knowledge: Building and sustaining the source of innovation.Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press.
  70. Levin, D. Z.,Cross, R.(2004).The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer.Management Science,50(11),1477-1490.
  71. López-Nicolás, C.,MeronoCerdán, A. L.(2011).Strategic knowledge management, innovation and performance.International Journal of Information Management,31(6),502-509.
  72. Lu, W. J.,Beamish, P. W.(2001).The internationalization and performance of SMEs.Strategic Management Journal,22,565-586.
  73. Machlup, F.(1962).The production and distribution of knowledge in the United State.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
  74. Madsen, T. K.,Servais, P.(1997).The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process?.International Business Review,6(6),561-583.
  75. Martin, X.,Salomon, R.(2003).Knowledge transfer capacity and its implications for the theory of the multinational corporation.Journal of International Business Studies,34(4),356-373.
  76. McEvily, B.,Marcus, A.(2005).Embedded ties and the acquisition of competitive capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,26(11),1033-1055.
  77. Moran, P.(2005).Structural vs. relational embeddedness: Social capital and managerial performance.Strategic Management Journal,26(12),1129-1151.
  78. Musteen, M.,Datta, D. K.,Butts, M. M.(2014).Do international networks and foreign market knowledge facilitate SME internationalization? Evidence from the Czech Republic.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(4),749-774.
  79. Nahapiet, J.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2),242-266.
  80. Narver, J. C.,Slater, S. F.(1990).The effect of a market orientation on business profitability.Journal of Marketing,54(4),20-35.
  81. Nielsen, B. B.(2005).The role of knowledge embeddedness in the creation of synergies in strategic alliances.Journal of Business Research,58(9),1194-1204.
  82. Nonaka, I.,Takeuchi, H.(1995).The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
  83. Nonaka, I.,Toyama, R.(2003).The knowledge-creating theory revisited: Knowledge creation as a synthesizing process.Knowledge Management Research and Practice,1,2-10.
  84. Nonaka, I.,von Krogh, G.(2009).Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: Controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory.Organization Science,20(3),635-652.
  85. Obstfeld, D.(2005).Social networks, the tertius lungens orientation, and involvement in innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,50,100-130.
  86. Oviatt, B. M.,McDougall, P. P.(1994).Toward a theory of international new ventures.Journal of International Business Studies,25(1),45-64.
  87. Parida, V.,Westerberg, M.,Frishammar, J.(2012).Inbound open innovation activities in high-tech SMEs: The impact on innovation performance.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2),283-309.
  88. Pedhazur, E. J.(1982).Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction.New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  89. Perrigot, R.,López-Fernández, B.,Eroglu, S.(2013).Intangible resources and plural form as drivers of franchise internationalization: Examination within a two-country perspective.Journal of Small Business Management,51(4),557-577.
  90. Podolny, J. M.,Baron, J. N.(1997).Relationships and resources: Social networks and mobility in the workplace.American Sociological Review,62,673-693.
  91. Polanyi, M.(1962).The tacit dimension.London, UK:Routledge.
  92. Powell, W. W.(1990).Neither market nor hierarchy: Network form of organization.Research in Organizational Behavior,12,295-336.
  93. Presutti, M.,Boari, C.,Fratocchi, L.(2007).Knowledge acquisition and the foreign development of high-tech start-ups: A social capital approach.International Business Review,16(1),23-46.
  94. Reagans, R.,McEvily, B.(2003).Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range.Administrative Science Quarterly,48,240-267.
  95. Reagans, R.,Zuckerman, E. W.(2001).Networks, diversity and performance: The social capital of corporate R&D units.Organization Science,12,502-517.
  96. Richardson, J. G.(ed.)(1986).Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education.New York, NY:Greenwood Press.
  97. Ring, P. S.,Van de Ven, A. H.(1994).Development processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships.Academy of Management Review,19(1),90-118.
  98. Rowley, T. J.(1997).Moving beyond dyadic ties: A network theory of stakeholder influences.Academy of Management Review,22(4),887-910.
  99. Ruekert, R. W.,Churchill, G. A.(1984).Reliability and validity of alternative measures of channel member satisfaction.Journal of Marketing Research,21(2),226-233.
  100. Sakakibara, M.(2002).Formation of R&D consortia: Industry and company effects.Strategic Management Journal,23(11),1033-1050.
  101. Schilling, M.,Phelps, C. C.(2007).Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation.Management Science,53(7),1113-1126.
  102. Schulz, M.,Jobe, L.(2001).Codification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: An empirical exploration.Journal of High Technology Management Research,12(1),139-165.
  103. Senker, J.(1995).Tacit knowledge and models of innovation.Industrial and Corporate Change,4(2),425-447.
  104. Sethi, D.,Guisinger, S.(2002).Liability of foreignness to competitive advantage: How multinational enterprises cope with the international business environment.Journal of International Management,8,232-240.
  105. Simsek, Z.,Lubatkin, M.,Floyd, S.(2003).Inter-firm networks and entrepreneurial behavior: A structural embeddedness perspective.Journal of Management,29(3),427-442.
  106. Slater, S. F.,Narver, J. C.(1995).Market orientation and the learning organization.Journal of Marketing,59(3),63-74.
  107. Swaminathan, V.,Moorman, C.(2009).Marketing alliances, firm networks, and firm value creation.Journal of Marketing,73(5),52-69.
  108. Teece, D. J.(1998).Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets.California Management Review,40(3),55-79.
  109. Teigland, R.,Wasko, M.(2009).Knowledge transfer in MNCs: Examining how intrinsic motivations and knowledge sourcing impact individual centrality and performance.Journal of International Management,15(1),15-31.
  110. Templeton, G. F.,Lewis, B. R.,Snyder, C. A.(2002).Development of a measure for the organizational learning construct.Journal of Management Information Systems,19(2),175-218.
  111. Tiwana, A.(2008).Do bridging ties complement strong ties? An empirical examination of alliance ambidexterity.Strategic Management Journal,29(3),251-272.
  112. Tsai, W.(2001).Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance.Academy of Management Journal,44(5),996-1004.
  113. Tsai, W.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks.Academy of Management Journal,41,464-478.
  114. Uzzi, B.(1996).The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect.American Sociological Review,61(4),674-698.
  115. Uzzi, B.(1997).Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness.Administrative Science Quarterly,42,35-67.
  116. van de Vrande, V.,de Jong, J. P.,Vanhaverbeke, W.,de Rochemont, M.(2009).Open innovation in SMEs: Trends, motives and management challenges.Technovation,29(6),423-437.
  117. van Wijk, R.,Jansen, J. J. P.,Lyles, M. A.(2008).Inter- and intraorganizational knowledge transfer: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences.Journal of Management Studies,45(4),830-853.
  118. Walter, J.,Lechner, C.,Kellermanns, F. W.(2007).Knowledge transfer between and within alliance partners: Private versus collective benefits of social capital.Journal of Business Research,60(7),698-710.
  119. Wang, C. F.,Han, Y.(2011).Linking properties of knowledge with innovation performance: The moderate role of absorptive capacity.Journal of Knowledge Management,15(5),802-819.
  120. Williams, L. J.,Edwards, J. R.,Vandenberg, R. J.(2003).Recent advances in causal modeling methods for organizational and management research.Journal of Management,29(6),903-936.
  121. Woolcock, M.,Narayan, D.(2000).Social capital: Implications for development theory.Research and Policy, World Bank Research Observer,15,225-250.
  122. Yalcinkaya, G.,Calantone, R. J.,Griffith, D. A.(2007).An examination of exploration and exploitation capabilities: Implications for product innovation and market performance.Journal of International Marketing,15(4),63-93.
  123. Yeoh, P. L.(2009).Realized and potential absorptive capacity: Understanding their antecedents and performance in the sourcing context.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,17(1),21-36.
  124. Yli-Renko, H.,Autio, E.,Sapienza, H. J.(2001).Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms.Strategic Management Journal,22(6-7),587-613.
  125. Zaheer, A.,Bell, G. G.(2005).Benefiting from network position: Firm capabilities, structural holes, and performance.Strategic Management Journal,26(9),809-825.
  126. Zaheer, A.,McEvily, B.,Perrone, V.(1998).Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance.Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences,9(2),141-59.
  127. Zahra, A. S.,George, G.(2002).Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension.Academy of Management Review,27(2),185-203.
  128. 經濟部中小企業處(2014)。經濟部中小企業白皮書。臺北市:作者。
  129. 經濟部投資審議會(2014)。統計月報
被引用次数
  1. 鄧天強,彭耀平,許艷,唐資文,李慶章(2020)。以「察覺－動機－能力」觀點與「網絡關係觀點」初探「新南向政策」對企業國際化歷程之影響：以餐飲服務產業個案為例。臺大管理論叢，30(3)，1-44。
print cancel