制度壓力與創新能力對於組織多元回應策略之影響：以臺灣企業對高齡化人力資源管理措施之採行意願為例

The Effects of Innovative Capabilities and Institutional Pressure on Multiple Firm Response: A Taiwan Survey of HR Practice for Aging Workforce

10.3966/199687602018021101003

劉佳怡(Chia-Yi Liu)；吳學良(Hsueh-Liang Wu)；鮑慧文(Hwei-Wen Pao)

制度擴散 ； 社會與技術觀點 ； 高齡人力資源管理措施 ； institutional diffusion ； socio-technical perspective ； aging workforce practice

組織與管理

11卷1期（2018 / 02 / 01）

63 - 100

繁體中文

各國政府紛紛展延法定退休年齡，以減緩失業率與財政負擔。本研究視高齡人力資源措施為組織因應高齡員工延退政策之做法，並透過社會與技術觀點，整合社會制度與技術創新觀點，釐清制度壓力（即組織公股程度）、組織創新能力（彈性與效率）、制度採用階段（前期與後期）與採用高齡人力資源措施頻率之關聯性。本研究發現有三：首先，組織公股程度與高齡人力資源措施的採用受到制度發展階段所影響。儘管高公股程度可強化其感知「高齡員工延退」制度壓力，但由於採行新制度與經營績效具有衝突，故該組織仍傾向於後期（延緩）增加採用高齡人力資源措施的程度。其次，組織彈性可提升公股程度於制度發展前期採用高齡人力資源措施。最後，組織效率可提升公股程度於制度發展後期採用高齡人力資源措施。透過537家臺灣領導企業之調查，本研究主張得到實證支持。本研究整合社會制度與技術創新效果，以延伸制度理論於公股程度於採用高齡人力資源措施頻率上之解釋力。

Many governments extend the retirement age to cope with the problems of unemployment and fiscal burdens. This study regards new practices for their aging workforce as the way to follow the requirement of government. Based on a socio-technical perspective, combining with social institution and technological innovation perspectives, this study aims to clarify the elusive relationships among institutional pressure, such as state ownership, innovative capabilities, the degree of adopting aging HR practices for an aging workforce and the timing of adoption. We hypothesize and test three arguments. First, the relationship between state ownership and aging HR practices is affected by the stage of the institutionalization. That is, although the firms with high state ownership are supposedly subject to the policy-complying pressure, they prefer to adopt aging workforce practices in the later stage of the institutionalization because the HR practices may not be consistent with organizational goals in the beginning. Second, organizational flexibility could enhance the relationship between state ownership and aging HR practices in the early stage. Finally, organizational efficiency will increase the relationship between state ownership and aging HR practices in the later stage of the institution. These arguments were empirically supported by a sample of 537 industrial firms in Taiwan. This study contributes to increase the explanatory power of institutional perspective upon the relationships between state ownership and aging HR practices by socio-technical perspective.

1. Aiken, M.,Samuel, B. B.,French, J. L.(1980).Organizational structure, work process, and proposal making in administrative bureaueracies.Academy of Management Journal,23(4),631-652.
2. Backes-Gellner, U.,Veen, S.(2013).Positive effects of ageing and age diversity in innovative companies-large-scale empirical evidence on company productivity.Human Resource Management Journal,23(3),279-295.
3. Barrett, H.,Weinstein, A.(1998).The effect of market orientation and organizational flexibility on corporate entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,23(1),57-58.
4. Becheikh, N.,Landry, R.,Amara, N.(2006).Lessons from innovation empirical studies in the manufacturing sector: A systematic review of the literature from 1993-2003.Technovation,26(5-6),644-664.
5. Bloom, D.,Sousa-Poza, A.(2010).Introduction to special issue of the European Journal of Population: Economic consequences of low fertility in Europe.European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie,26(2),127-139.
6. Caldwell, J.,Caldwell, P.,McDonald, P.(2002).Policy responses to low fertility and its consequences: A global survey.Journal of Population Research,19(1),1-24.
7. Cohn, S.,Turyn, R.(1984).Organizational structure, decision-making procedures, and the adoption of innovation.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,31(4),154-161.
8. Cremer, H.,Marchand, M.,Thisse, J.-F.(1989).The public firm as an instrument for regulating an oligopolistic market.Oxford Economic Papers,41(2),283-301.
9. Damanpour, F.(1991).Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators.Academy of Management Journal,34(3),555-590.
10. Damanpour, F.,Gopalakrishnan, S.(1998).Theories of organizational structure and innovation adoption: The role of environmental change.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,15(1),1-24.
11. Damanpour, F.,Szabat, K. A.,Evan, W. M.(1989).The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance.Journal of Management Studies,26(6),587-602.
12. DiMaggio, P. J.,Powell, W.(1983).The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields.American Sociological Review,48,147-160.
13. Dönmez, D.,Grote, G.,Brusoni, S.(2016).Routine interdependencies as a source of stability and flexibility: A study of agile software development teams.Information and Organization,26(3),63-83.
14. Duncan, R. B.(1976).The ambidextrous organization: Designing dual structures for innovation in the management of organization: Strategy and implementation.New York, NY:North Holland.
15. Frambach, R. T.,Schillewaert, N.(2002).Organizational innovation adoption: A multi-level framework of determinants and opportunities for future research.Journal of Business Research,55(2),163-176.
16. Gendron, B.(2011).Older workers and active ageing in France: The changing early retirement and company approach.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,22(6),1221-1231.
17. Goodstein, J.(1994).Institutional pressures and strategic responsiveness: Employer involvement in work-family issues.Academy of Management Journal,37(2),350-382.
18. Hermalin, A.(1993).Fertility and family planning among the elderly in Taiwan, or integrating the demography of aging into population studies.Demography,30(4),507-518.
19. Holak, S.,Lehmann, D.,Sultan, F.(1987).The role of expectations in the adoption of innovative consumer durables: Some preliminary evidence.Journal of Retailing,63(3),243-259.
20. Ingram, P.,Simons, T.(1995).Institutional and resource dependence determinants of responsiveness to work-family issues.Academy of Management Journal,38(5),1466-1482.
21. Jones, G.,Straughan, P. T.,Chan, A.(2008).Ultra-low fertility in Pacific Asia: Trends, causes and policy issues.New York, NY:Routledge.
22. Li, C.-R.,Lin, C.-J.,Chu, C.-P.(2008).The nature of market orientation and the ambidexterity of innovations.Management Decision,46(7),1002-1026.
23. Montanaro, M. K. F. (2013). The influence of financial performance on higher education academic quality. Retrieved from http://fisherpub.sifc.edu/education_etd/117
24. Naegele, G.,Walker, A.(2006).A guide to good practice in age management (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions).Luxembourg:Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities.
25. Oliver, C.(1991).Strategic responses to institutional processes.Academy of Management Review,16(1),145-179.
26. O'Reilly, C.,Tushman, M.(2008).Ambidexterity as a dynamic capability: Resolving the innovator's dilemma.Research in Organizational Behavior,28(1),185-206.
27. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(2012).OECD pensions outlook 2012.OECD Publishing.
28. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(2014).OECD pensions outlook 2014.OECD Publishing.
29. Ostlund, L.(1974).Perceived innovation attributes as predictors of innovativeness.Journal of Consumer Research,1(2),23-29.
30. Pfeffer, Martin, J. A.,Salancik, G. R.(1978).The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective.New York, NY:Harper & Row.
31. Podsakoff, P. M.,Organ, D. W.(1986).Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.Journal of Management,12(4),531-544.
32. Robertson, T.,Wind, Y.(1980).Organizational psychographics and innovativess.Journal of Consumer Research,7(1),24-31.
33. Rogers, D. S.,Daugherty, P. J.(1995).Warehousing firms: The impact of alliance involvement.Journal of Business Logistics,16(2),249-249.
34. Rogers, E. M.(1983).Diffusion of innovation.New York, NY:Free Press.
35. Rogers, E. M.,Williams, L.,West, R. B.(1977).Bibliography of the diffusion of innovations.Standford, CA:Institute for Communications Research, Standford University.
36. Salancik, G. R.(1979).Interorganizational dependences and responsiveness to affirmative action: The case of women and defense contractors.Academy of Management Journal,22(2),375-394.
37. Schröder, H.,Muller-Camen, M.,Flynn, M.(2014).The management of an ageing workforce: Organisational policies in Germany and Britain.Human Resource Management Journal,24(4),394-409.
38. Scott, W. R.(2008).Approaching adulthood: The maturing of institutional theory.Theory and Society,37(5),427-442.
39. Sherer, P. D.,Lee, K.(2002).Institutional change in large law firms: A resource dependency and institutional perspective.Academy of Management Journal,45(1),102-119.
40. Suchman, M. C.(1995).Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches.Academy of Management,20(3),571-610.
41. Taylor, P.(2006).Employment initiatives for an ageing workforce in the EU15.Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
42. Thompson, V. A.(1965).Bureaucracy and innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,10(1),1-20.
43. Tolbert, P. S.,Zucker, L. G.(1983).Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880-1935.Administrative Science Quarterly,28(1),22-39.
44. Tornatzky, L.,Klein, K.(1982).Innovation characteristics and innovation adoption-implementation: A meta-analysis of findings.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,29(1),28-45.
45. Walker, A.(1982).The social consequences of early retirement.The Political Quarterly,53(1),61-72.
46. Walker, A.(2006).Active ageing in employment. Its meaning and potential.Asia-Pasific Review,13(1),78-93.
47. Walker, A.(1997).Combating age barriers in employment: European research report(European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions).Luxembourg:Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities.
48. Zaltman, G.,Duncan, R.,Holbek, J.(1973).Innovations and organizations.New York, NY:Wiley.
49. Zucker, L. G.(1983).Organizations as institutions.Research in the sociology of organizations,Greenwich, CN:
50. 台灣經濟研究院(2014)。,臺北市:作者。

1. 陳蕙芬(2019)。以物易悟：以柔韌設計化解機構阻力。組織與管理，12(2)，167-227。