剖析湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜的西半球觀－兼談與西蒙‧玻利瓦相關論述的比較

A Preliminary Study on Thomas Jefferson's West Hemisphere Idea: With A Comparison to Simón Bolívar's Relative Notions

倪仲俊(Ni, Chung-Chun)

湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜 ； 西半球觀 ； 泛美主義 ； 國族想像 ； 美洲革命 ； 門羅主義 ； 西蒙‧玻利瓦 ； Thomas Jefferson ； the West Hemisphere Idea ； Pan-Americanism ； national imagination ； American Revolution ； Monroe Doctrine ； Simón Bolívar

史學彙刊

36期（2017 / 12 / 31）

93 - 118

繁體中文

「西半球觀」係指將西半球的所有人民連成一氣而形成特殊關係、並使他們有別於世界其他地區的人們。美國人「西半球觀」的核心是美洲人與歐洲人「互不相屬，互不相涉」，其淵源於獨立革命時期的國族想像，與「孤立主義」相互為援，並且，其適用範圍在西元十九世紀初西班牙屬美洲殖民地爆發獨立革命風潮時被進一步擴大，以因應區域政治的變動。「西半球觀」逐漸系統化，賴有湯瑪斯‧傑佛遜之演繹，而且滲透進入門羅主義，實為美國式泛美主義的根源。如果將美國版與南美版的泛美主義回溯其最素樸的論述並加以比較，可以發現：「互不相屬，互不相涉」是兩者共通的基本原則。但是由於整合模式與範圍上有歧異，遂使兩者一開始就分道揚鑣。尤其，傑佛遜的「西半球觀」蘊含著美國優先的推想，又傾向保留美國人在美洲開拓的自然權利，就使他所主張的美洲整合，儘管仍有善意，卻也包藏著美國擴張主義與霸權發展的動機。

The Western Hemisphere idea refers to a proposition that the peoples of the Western Hemisphere are united in a special relationship to one another that sets them apart from the rest of the world. Believing that the Americans and the Europeans do not belong to and would not intervene in each other could be traced into the national imaginations during the period of the independence war and became the core of the West Hemisphere idea. Such a belief, which and isolationism supported each other, was further applied to deal the possible changes in geopolitics when Spanish American Revolution broke out in the early 19^(th) century. Then through infiltrating Monroe Doctrine the West Hemisphere idea, elaborated primarily by Thomas Jefferson, became the origin of the Pan-Americanism of the United States. Compared with the South American version by Simón Bolívar, the North American version of the West Hemisphere Idea has the same principles of ＂non-belonging and non-intervening＂. However, when Thomas Jefferson raised his West Hemisphere idea he still assumed United States' priority and tended to preserve their natural rights in other North American territories. As a result, his idea hinted their prime expansionism and hegemonism, in spite of some sympathy. The earlier distinctions between two versions of Pan-Americanism made two ways for the American integration.

1. Thomas Jefferson, “To Clement Caine[s], September 16, 1811,” The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XI, 1905, pp. 214-216
2. James Monroe, “Seventh Annual Message, Washington, December 2d.” The Writings of James Monroe, edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, Vol. 6, 1898, pp. 325-341.
3. Thomas Jefferson, “To Don Valentín de Foronda, October 4, 1809,” The Works of Thomas Jefferson, collected and edited by Paul Leicester Ford, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, Vol. XI, 1905, pp. 117-119.
4. Thomas Jefferson, “From Thomas Jefferson to William C. C. Claiborne, 29 October 1808,” The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress, Library of Congress, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib019239. 【查閱日期：2017年9月3日。】
5. George Washington, “To the Chevalier de la Luzerne, 7 February, 1788.” The Writings of George Washington, noted and illustrated by Jared Sparks, Boston: Russel, Odiorne, And Metcalf, and Hilliard, Gary, And Co. Volume IX, 1835, pp. 314-316.
6. “Miranda Trail.” The Weekly Inspector. New York: Vol. 1 No.3, September 13, 1806, pp. 17-21.
7. John Adams, “Autobiography.” The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, noted and illustrated by Charles Frances Adams, Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, Vol. 2, 1850, pp. 503-520.
8. James Monroe, James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, October 17, 1823. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mtjbib024770/. 【查閱日期：2017年9月15 日。】
9. “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription.” America's Founding Documents. National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript. 【查閱日期：2017年9月3日。】
10. William Spence Robertson, The Life of Miranda, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1929, p. 295.
11. Francisco de Miranda, “To Mr. R. S. G***n [sic] of Philadelphia, February 5th, 1806.”James Biggs revised, corrected, and enlarged, The History of Don Francisco de Miranda's Attempt to Effect a Revolution in South America: In a Series of Letters. London: Printed for the author, 1809, pp. 1-7.
12. Francisco de Miranda, “To Thomas Jefferson from Sebastián Francisco de Miranda, 22 January 1806.” Founders Early Access, The University of Virginia Press. http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=FOEA-print-04-01-02-3083. 【查閱日期：2017年9月3日。】
13. (1993).The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
14. (1993).The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. William MacGillivray, The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt. London: T. Nelson and Sons, Paternoster Row, 1857, p. 342
16. (1984).Thomas Jefferson Writings.New York:The Library of America.
17. George Washington, Washington's Farewell Address to the People of the United States. Washington D.C.: Senate Documents No. 106-21, 2000..
18. Anderson, Benedict(2001).Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism: Is there a difference that matters?.New Left Review,9
19. Anderson, Benedict(1991).Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.New York:Verso.
20. Bethell, Leslie(ed.)(1985).The Cambridge History of Latin America.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Bierck, Harold A., Jr.(ed.),Bertrand, Lewis(trans.)(1951).Selected Writings of Bolivar.New York:The Colonial Press INC..
22. Bierck, Harold A., Jr.(ed.),Bertrand, Lewis(trans.)(1951).Selected Writings of Bolivar.New York:The Colonial Press INC..
23. Bierck, Harold A., Jr.(ed.),Bertrand, Lewis(trans.)(1951).Selected Writings of Bolivar.New York:The Colonial Press INC..
24. Bolívar, Simón,de Paula Santander, Francisco.Political Conflict in Gran Colombia: 1827 Proclamations of Santander and Bolivar.
25. Brading, D. A.(1991).The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492-1867.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
26. Breen、 Timothy Hall, T. H.(1997).Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising.The Journal of American History,84(1),13-39.
27. Gleijesus, Piero(1992).The Limits of Sympathy: The United States and the Independence of Spanish America.Journal of Latin American Studies,24(3),481-505.
28. Kohlhepp, Gerd(2005).Scientific findings of Alexander von Humboldt's expedition into the Spanish-American Tropics (1799-1804) from a geographical point of view.An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., Rio de Janeiro,77(2),325-342.
29. Looney, J. Jefferson(ed.)(2006).The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
30. Looney, J. Jefferson(ed.)(2010).The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 7, 28 November 1813 to 30 September 1814.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
31. Lowenthal, Abraham F.(1976).The United States and Latin America: Ending Hegemonic Presumptions.Foreign Affairs,55(1),199-213.
32. Lynch, John(ed.)(1995).Latin American Revolution, 1808-1826: Old and New World Origins.Norman, OK:University of Oklahoma Press.
33. Lynch, John(ed.)(1987).The Independence of Latin America.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
34. Peterson, Thomas G.(ed.)(1984).Major Problems in American Foreign.Washington D.C.:Heath and Company.
35. Silva, Edgardo Medeiros(2010).The Powerless Diplomacy of the Abbé Correia da Serra.Anglo Saxonica. Series III,1,341-360.
36. Sowerby, E. Millicent(2010).Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson.Clark, New Jerse:the Lawbook Exchange.
37. Vajda, Zoltán(2015).The Power of Hemispheric Sympathy: Sentimental Aspects of Thomas Jefferson's Conception of Inter-American Relations.Americana E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary,11(1)
38. Whitaker, Arthur P.(1954).The Origin of the Western Hemisphere Idea.Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,98(5),323-326.
39. 蔡雅芝(2005)。經緯度的故事。科學發展，392，68-77。