身障孩童如廁訓練相關議題之探討

10.7034/SEES.201012.0052

李明洋；陳奕蒨；張耀仁；陳小娟

身心障礙孩童 ； 如廁訓練 ； 膀胱控制 ； 尿溼 ； 排泄警示器 ； children with disabilities ； toilet training ； bladder control ； urinary ； urine alarm

國小特殊教育

50期（2010 / 12 / 01）

52 - 63

繁體中文

如廁技能是生活訓練最基本的要求之一，一般孩童在年紀很小的時候，即可建立起正確的如廁行爲。然而，對於某些身障孩童而言，若未能接受適當的訓練，則可能終其一生都無法發展出正確的如廁技能，使其生活受到負面的影響。本文旨在闡述如廁訓練對身障孩童的重要性，以及幾種常見的身障孩童如廁訓練法和輔具，同時探討身障孩童如廁訓練的實施成效，以期提供國內教育界、醫療界、養護機構、相關專業人員，以及身障孩童家長實施如廁訓練時之參考。

1. 李明洋(2010)。極重度多重障礙孩童如廁訓練成效之研究。特殊教育學報，31，1-26。
   連結：
2. Simavita.(2010). What is the SIMsystem. Website:http://www.simavita.com/who_is_simavita.aspx. Online date: 2010.09.05
3. Fan, J. N.&Huang, H. C.(2010). Npant system for Bedridden Patients. 2010 IDEA.Website: http://www.fastcodesign.com/idea-2010.online date:2010.09.05
4. Azrin, N. H.,Bugle, C.,O''Brien, F.(1971).Behavioral engineering: two apparatuses for toilet training retarded children..Journal of Appliled Behavior Analysis,4,249-253.
5. Azrin, N. H.,Foxx, R. M.(1971).A rapid method of toilet training the institutionzlized retarded.Journal of Appliled Behavior Analysis,4,89-99.
6. Bailey, D. B.,Wolery, M.(1992).Teaching Infants and Preschoolers with Disabilities.New York, NY:Macmillan Publishing Company.
7. Berk, L. B.,Friman, P. C.(1990).Epidemiologic aspects of toilet training.Clinical pediatrics,29,278-282.
8. Chadwick, D.,Kemp, C.(2000).Essential skills for survival in a mainstream kindergarten classroom.Special Education Perspectives,9,27-40.
9. Chen, Y. C.(2010).ZigAlert: a zigBee alert for toileting training children with developmental delay in a public school setting.The 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility,Orlando, USA.:
10. Chung, K. M.(2007).Modified version of Azrin and Foxx's rapid toilet training.Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,19,449-445.
11. Dayan, M.(1964).Toilet training retarded children in a state residential institution.Mental Retardation,2,116-117.
12. Didden, R.,Sikkema, S. P. E.,Bosman, I. T. M.,Duker, P. C.(2001).Use of a modified Azrin-Foxx toilet training procedure with individuals with Angelman syndrome.Journal of applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,14,64-70.
13. Duker, P. C.,Averink, M.,Melein, L.(2001).Response restriction as a method to establish diurnal bladder control.Journal on Mental Retardation,106,209-215.
14. Foxx, R. M.,Azrin, N. H.(1973).Toilet Training the Retarded: A rapid Program for Day and Nighttime Independent Toileting.Champaign, Illinois:Research Press.
15. Hagopain, L. P.,Fisher, W.,Piazza, C. C.,Wierzbicki, J. J.(1993).A water prompting procedure for the treatment of urinary incontinence.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,4,473-474.
16. Kemp, C.,Carter, M.(2005).Identifying skills for promoting successful inclusion in kindergarten.Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability,30,31-44.
17. Kimbrell, D. L.,Luckey, R. E.,Barbuto, P. F.,Love, J. G.(1967).Operation dry pants: an intensive habit training program for severely and profoundly retarded.Mental Retardatio,5,32-36.
18. Kroeger, K. A.,Sorensen-Burnworth, R.(2009).Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder,3,607-618.
19. Lancioni, G. E.(1980).Teaching independent toileting to profoundly retarded deaf-blind children.Behavior Therapy,11,234-244.
20. Lancioni, G. E.,Ceccarani, P.S.(1981).Teaching independent toileting within the normal daily program: two studies with profoundly retarded children.Behavior Research of Severe Developmental Disabilities,2,79-96.
21. Lancioni, G. E.,Markus, S.(1999).Urine-triggered alarm signals and prompts to promote daytime urinary continence in a boy with severe intellectual disability.Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy,27,261-265.
22. Luiselli, J. K.(1996).A transfer of stimulus control procedure applicable to toilet training programs for children with developmental disabilities.Child & Family Behavior Therapy,18,29-34.
23. Luiselli, J. K.(1994).Toilet training children with sensory impairments in a residential school setting.Behavioral Interventions,9,105-114.
24. Mahoney, K,Van Wagenen, R. K.,Meyerson, L.(1971).Toilet training of normal and retarded children.Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis,4,173-181.
25. Matson, J. L.(Ed.)(1990).Handhook of behavior modification with the mentally retarded.New York, NY:Plenum Press.
26. Prasad, H.R.Y.,Srivastava, P.,Verma, K.K.(2004).Diapers and Skin Care : Merits and Demerits.Indian Journal of Pediatdcs,71,907-908.
27. Richmond, G.(1983).Shaping Bladder and bowel continence in developmentally retarded preschool children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,13(2),197-204.
28. Sadler, O. W.,Merkert, F.(1977).Evaluating the foxx and Azrin toilet training procedure for retarded children in a dya training center.Bheavior therapy,8,499-500.
29. Smith, P.(1979).A comparison of different methods of toilet training the mentally handicapped.Behaviour Research and Therapy,17,33-43.
30. Song, A. Y.,Song, R. H.,Grant, P. A.(1976).Toilet training in the school and its transfer in the living unit.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry,7,281-284.
31. Sugimura, T.,Tananari, Y.,Ozaki, Y.,Maeno, Y.,Tanaka, S.,Ito, S.,Kawano, K.,Masunaga, K.(2009).Association Between the Frequency of Disposable Diaper Changing and Urinary Tract Infection in Infants..Clinical Pediatrics,48,18-20.
32. Thompson, T.,Hanson, R.(1983).Overhydration: precautions when treating urinary incontinence.Mental Retardation,21,139-143.
33. Trott. M. C.(1977).Application of Foxx and Azrin toilet training for the retarded in a school program.Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded,12,336-338.
34. Van Wagenen, R. K.,Meyerson, L.,Kerr, N. J.,Mahoney, K.(1969).Field trials of a new procedure for toilet training.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,8,147-159.
35. Van Wagenen, R. K.,Murdock, E. E.(1966).A transistorized signal-Package for toilet training of infants.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,3,312-314.
36. Vermandel, A., Kampen, M. V.,Wachter, S. D.,Weyler, J.,Wyndaele, J. J.(2009).The efficacy of a wetting alarm diaper for toilet training of young healthy children in a day-care center: a randomized control trial.Neurourology and Urodynamics,28,305-308.
37. Von Wendt, L.,Similä, S.,Niskanen, P.,Jrvelin, M.(1990).Development of bowel and bladder control in the mentally retarded.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,32,515-518.
38. Walker, H. M.,Rankin, R.(1983).Assessing the behavioral expectations and demands of less restrictive settings.School Psychology Review,12,174-284.
39. Wheeler, M.(1998).A Comprehensive Guide for Parents and Teachers.Dallas, Texas:Future Horizons.
40. Yonovitz, A.,Michaels, R.(1978).Electronic technology with retarded children: the concept of the training resource center.Journal of rehabilitation,44,16-21.
41. 林秀錦、王天苗(2004)。幼兒入學準備能力之研究。特殊教育研究學刊，26，89-108。
42. 唐榮昌(2006)。特殊兒童的如廁評量與訓練。雲嘉特教期刊，4，22-27。
43. 張英鵬(2002)。重度障礙兒童的功能性課程設計與如廁訓練。特教園丁，17，15-24。
44. 鈕文英(2002)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告,行政院國家科學委員會。
45. 薛婷方、薛國忠(2003)。如何有效訓練特殊幼兒的如廁能力。特教園丁，18，38-42。
46. 魏柏軒、阮立中、張萬志、彭榜揚、陳奕蒨、張耀仁、李明洋、陳美江(2009)。以Zigbee感測網路輔助發展遲緩兒童如廁行為。NST 2009全國電信研討會

1. 陳淑娟、郭慧瑜、李明洋(2011)。學前重度智障孩童如廁行為訓練成效之研究。身心障礙研究，9(1)，30-44。
2. 盧志展、陳奕蒨、張耀仁、李明洋(2012)。運用無線傳輸排泄警示器之如廁訓練方案對極重度多障孩童之介入成效。身心障礙研究，10(2)，115-129。