沒有門？沒有窗戶？－德國森林幼兒園的探討

Without Gates? Without Window?-An Exploration on German Forest Kindergarten

10.6367/ECE.200903.0022

何慧敏(Huoey-Min Ho)

幼兒教育 ； 森林幼兒園 ； 德國 ； early childhood education ； forest kindergarten ； Germany

幼兒教育

293期（2009 / 03 / 31）

22 - 38

繁體中文

「沒有門與窗戶的幼兒園」於1993年在德國的福連斯堡(Flensburg)正式成立後，至今全德國約有500家森林幼兒園。這種以森林爲主要活動場域的另類幼兒園深受喜愛自然與重視環保的德國家長喜愛。幼兒在大自然中活動與探索，不僅身體健康，更展現出專注、持久、獨立、創意、合作等特質，成爲自主學習的人。本文以文獻分析方法探究德國森林幼兒園的綠起、發展歷史與背景、現況及未來發展，期能提供國內幼兒園及家長另類的觀點，重視生活、學習與自然的結合，嘗試從不同角度去看待幼兒的生活與學習。研究結果將德國森林幼兒園的特色歸納爲：1．家長的覺察、觀念與行動爲主要發展動力，2．以大自然做爲另類的學習場域，以「全人教育」爲目標，3．成功的「幼小銜接」，4．充分整合運用資源，5．成功的結合環境教育與學前教育。

Since the formal establishment of ”Kindergarten without Gates and Windows” in Flensburg, Germany in 1993, about five hundreds forest kindergartens have been founded in the whole country. German parents, who like nature and lay stress on environment protection, are fond of this kind of alternative kindergartens where main activities are based in forest. Children who do activities and explore in nature are physically healthy and develop characteristics like concentration, endurance, independence, creativity, cooperation, etc. Finally, they are grown to be autonomous learners. Based on the method of literature analysis, this study explores the origin, history, background, current condition and future development of German forest kindergartens. By this study, the author aims to offer an alternative view for domestic kindergartens and parents to value the combination of life, learning and nature, and to review the lives and learning of young children from different angles. The author concludes five characteristics of the German forest kindergartens: 1. Parents' awareness, perception and action are the main dynamics behind the development of kindergartens. 2. Natural environments are another kind of learning places and the ”holistic education” is the goal, 3. Children have been successfully transferred from kindergartens to schools. 4. All resources have been integrated and used. 5. The environmental education and early childhood education have been successfully combined.