明、清兩代玉料的採製與選擇－以北京為例

The Production and Selection of the jade materials of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Take Beijing as An Example

王君秀(Junxiu Wang)

玉料 ； 和田玉 ； 玉器 ； jade material ； Hetian jade

中華科技史學會學刊

22期（2017 / 12 / 25）

125 - 132

繁體中文

明、清兩代在玉料選擇上，都延續了中國傳統的用玉觀念——重和田玉。北京地區現存明代的玉禮器全部都是和田玉料，宮廷日常器物用玉也是以和田玉料為主，只有少量的瑪瑙製品。清代對和田玉的重視程度，比明代有過之而無不及。清代統治者熱愛由來已久的漢族玉文化，加之西部玉路暢通，和田玉料大批地進入中原，被源源不斷地運送到北京和南方的治玉中心，成為清代輝煌玉器成就的原料基礎。明、清兩代對和田玉料的開採，都有嚴格的監管制度，都嚴令禁止民間使用和田玉料，但是兩代民間仍然都有和田玉料流通貿易。清代與明代相比，宮廷所用和田玉料在數量上更充足，品質上也更上乘。

Both rulers of the two dynasties valued Hetian Jade, continuing the traditional concept of jade using. The existing ceremony jade of the Ming Dynasty were all Hetian jade, most of the daily using jade were also made of Hetian materials, only a small amount of agate products. In the Qing Dynasty, rulers carried forward Han jade culture, and the western road to transport jade materials was unobstructed, so a large number of materials were continuously transported to Beijing and the southern jade governance centers, supplying raw materials to jade achievements of the Qing Dynasty .There were strict regulatory systems on Hetian material mining in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the common people are definitely prohibited to use the Hentian jade, but circulations and trades were still existed in the civil. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the jade materials were more abundant, and the quality was more excellent in the Qing Dynasty.

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