台灣文化主體性的哲學追尋：從「風土文化觀」到「生物免疫模型」

The Philosophical Pursuit of the Subjectivity of Taiwanese Culture: From the Concept of "Culture in Fudo" to "Biological Immunity" as a Heuristic Model

10.6242/twnica.202304_(22).0002

陳瑞麟(Chen, Ruey-lin)

台灣文化 ； 主體性 ； 洪耀勳 ； 風土 ； 免疫性 ； Taiwanese culture ； subjectivity ； Hung Yao-hsün ； Fudo ； immunity

台灣學誌

22期（2023 / 04 / 01）

27 - 55

繁體中文;英文

本文發展一個文化主體性的哲學理論並應用到台灣文化。台灣文化是否有其主體性？這個哲學性的追問可以回溯到日治時期，其時台灣哲學家洪耀勳發展風土文化觀來建立台灣文化的特殊性。雖然風土觀正確地看到台灣特殊風土建立了台灣文化的特殊性，但是並不足以解決「現今台灣文化相對於中國文化是否為一主體」的困難，也沒有回答「如何對待台灣文化中的各種外來成分」問題，單單訴諸於風土特殊性不足以使得台灣文化主體成熟與鞏固。本文引入當代生物學哲學的「生物個體免疫模型」，在生物體的共生與免疫性概念的啟發與類比之下，提出一般的文化主體性的鞏固條件，建議台灣文化要能成熟與鞏固，得發展出「自我辨識」與「自我保護」的能力。

This paper investigates the philosophical pursuit of the subjectivity of Taiwanese culture, with an approach of developing a philosophical theory of cultural subjectivity. In the 1930s, Hung Yao-hsün introduced the concept of "culture in Fudo" that stemmed from Japanese philosopher Watsuji to justify the particularity of Taiwanese culture. Nevertheless, I argue that Hung's view of "culture in Fudo" is not sufficient to answer the question whether Taiwanese culture possesses its subjectivity or not. Although the concept justifies the particularity of Taiwanese culture in contrast to Japanese and Chinese cultures, it cannot exclude the possibility that Taiwanese culture is only a subculture of Chinese culture. Nor can it offer a satisfying answer to the question that how we should deal with a variety of exogenous elements in Taiwanese culture. In order to solve the subjectivity problems of Taiwanese culture in the 21st century, I suggest introducing the immunological theory of biological individuality as a heuristic model. By analogy with the notions of "symbiosis" and "immunity" in the bodies of organisms, I argue that, in order to consolidate the subjectivity of Taiwanese culture, it is necessary to develop the abilities of self-discerning and self-protection within Taiwanese culture.

1. 林巾力, Chin-li(2007)。自我、他者、共同體——論洪耀勳〈風土文化觀〉。台灣文學研究，創刊號=1，73-107。
   連結：
2. 洪子偉, Tzu-wei(2014)。台灣哲學的盜火者——洪耀勳的本土哲學建構與戰後貢獻。台大文史哲學報，81，113-147。
   連結：
3. 廖欽彬, Chin-ping(2010)。和辻哲郎的風土論——兼論洪耀勳與貝瑞克的風土觀。華梵人文學報，14，63-94。
   連結：
4. Hologenome Theory of Evolution. (n.d.). Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution.
5. Bueno, Otávio,Chen, Ruey-lin,Fagan, Melinda B.(2018).Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices.Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices,New York:
6. Caporael, Linnda(Ed.),Griesemer, James(Ed.),Wimsatt, William(Ed.)(2014).Developing Scaffolds in Evolution, Culture, and Cognition.Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press.
7. Chen, Ruey-lin(2012).A Voyage to East Asian STS Theories.East Asian Science, Technology and Society,6(4),465-485.
8. Chiu, Lynn,Bazin, Thomas,Truchetet, Marie-Elise,Schaeverbeke, Thierry,Delhaes, Laurence,Pradeu, Thomas(2017).Protective Microbiota: From Localized to Long-Reaching Co-Immunity.Frontier in Immunology,8,1678.
9. Chiu, Lynn,Eberl, Gégard(2016).Microorganisms as Scaffolds of Host Individuality: An Eco-Immunity Account of the Holobiont.Biology and Philosophy,31,819-837.
10. Gilbert, Scott,Sapp, J.,Tauber, A. I.(2012).A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals.The Quarterly Review of Biology,87(4),325-341.
11. Griesemer, James(2018).Individuation of Developmental System: A Reproducer Perspective.Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices,New York:
12. Herron, Matthew D.(2017).Cells, Colonies, and Clones: Individuality in the Volvocine Algae.Biological Individuality: Integrating Scientific, Philosophical and Historical Perspectives,Chicago:
13. Hung, Tzu-chieh,Hung, Tzu-wei(2022).How China’s Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan’s Anti-Disinformation Wars.Journal of Global Security Studies,7(4),1-18.
14. Hung, Tzu-wei(2019).On the Sit-Chûn Scholars of Taiwanese Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,69(4),973-993.
15. Kottak, Conrad P.(1996).Mirror for Human: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology.New York:McGraw-Hill Inc.
16. Kroeber, Alfred L. (1917). The Superorganic. American Anthropologist, 19(2), 163-213.
17. Kroeber, Alfred L.,Kluckhohn, Clyde(1952).Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.New York:Kraus Reprint Company.
18. Love, Alan(2018).Individuation, Individuality, and Experimental Practice in Developmental Biology.Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices,New York:
19. Pradeu, Thomas(2012).The Limits of the Self: Immunology and Biological Identity.New York:Oxford University Press.
20. Richerson, Peter J.,Boyd, Robert(2005).Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
21. Skillings, Derek(2016).Holobionts and the Ecology of Organisms: Multi-Species Communities or Integrated Individuals?.Biology and Philosophy,31,875-892.
22. Waters, C. Kenneth(2018).Ask Not “What Is an Individual?”.Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices,New York:
23. White, Leslie A.(2007).The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome.New York:Left Coast Press.
24. White, Leslie A.(1959).The Concept of Culture.American Anthropologist,61(2),227-251.
25. Wilson, Jack(1999).Biological Individuality: The Identity and Persistence of Living Entities.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
26. Wimsatt, William(2014).Entrenchment and Scaffolding: An Architecture for a Theory of Cultural Change.Developing Scaffolds in Evolution, Culture, and Cognition,Cambridge, Mass.:
27. Wimsatt, William,Griesemer, James(2007).Reproducing Entrenchments to Scaffold Culture: The Central Role of Development in Cultural Evolution.Integrating Evolution and Development: From Theory to Practice,Cambridge, Mass.:
28. 中央社，2022.04.30，〈國防院：未受俄烏戰爭動搖 73％民眾願為台而戰〉，中央通訊社，https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202204300069.aspx，瀏覽日期：2022.12.20。[The Central News Agency. (2022.04.30). According to a Survey by Institute for National Defense and Security Research, 73% People in Taiwan Will Defend Taiwan and Their Wills Were Not Shaken by Ukrainian-Russian War. The Central News Agency. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202204300069.aspx.]
29. 王飛凌, Fei-ling,王飛凌（譯）, Fei-ling(Trans.),劉驥（譯）, Zi(Trans.)(2018).中華秩序：中原、世界帝國與中國力量的本質.台北=Taipei:八旗文化=Gūsa Press.
30. 吳叡人, Rwei-ren(2006)。福爾摩莎意識型態——試論日本殖民統治下臺灣民族運動「民族文化」論述的形成（1919-1937）。新史學，17(2)，127-218。
31. 李喬, Qiao(2001).文化、台灣文化、新國家.台北=Taipei:春暉=Chun Hui Publish.
32. 李喬, Qiao(1992).台灣文化造型.台北=Taipei:前衛=Avanguard Publishing.
33. 李筱峰, Hsiau-fung(2013).台灣史 101 問.台北=Taipei:玉山社=Taiwan Interminds Publishing.
34. 施敏輝（編）, Min-hui(Ed.)(1988).台灣意識論戰選集.台北=Taipei:前衛=Avanguard Publishing.
35. 洪耀勳, Yao-hsün,黃文宏（譯）, Wen-hung(Trans.)(2020)。風土文化觀：在與臺灣風土的關連之下。洪耀勳日文哲學著作集，新竹=Hsinchu:
36. 洪耀勳, Yao-hsün,廖欽彬（譯）, Chin-ping(Trans.)(2019)。風土文化觀：與台灣風土之間的關聯。洪耀勳文獻選輯，台北=Taipei:
37. 莊萬壽, Wan-shou(2003).台灣文化論——主體性之建構.台北=Taipei:玉山社=Taiwan Interminds Publishing.
38. 陳瑞麟, Ruey-lin(2019)。論台灣哲學的主體性。啟蒙與反叛：台灣哲學百年浪潮，台北=Taipei:
39. 陳翠蓮, Tsui-lien(2013).百年追求：台灣民主運動的故事（卷一：自治的夢想）.台北=Taipei:衛城=Acropolis Publishing.
40. 森安孝夫, Takao,張雅婷（譯）, Ya-ting(Trans.)(2018).絲路、游牧民與唐帝國.台北=Taipei:八旗文化=Gūsa Press.
41. 黃文宏, Wen-hung(2020)。譯注者導讀。洪耀勳日文哲學著作集，新竹=Hsinchu:
42. 匯流新聞網民調中心，2022.08.11，〈中國軍演 7 成台灣人沒在怕近 6 成願為保台上戰場 5 成認為責任在中國〉，匯流新聞網，https://polls.com.tw/16737，瀏覽日期：2022.12.20。[CNews Survey. (2022.08.11). About 70% Taiwanese Don’t Fear the Military Exercises from China, about 60% People Will Defend Taiwan. 50% People Agree that China Should Take the Responsibility for the Tension between Taiwan and China. CNews. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://polls.com.tw/16737.]
43. 廖欽彬（編校）, Chin-ping(Ed.),林暉鈞（譯）, Hui-chun(Trans.)(2019).洪耀勳文獻選輯.台北=Taipei:國立臺灣大學出版中心=National Taiwan University Press.
44. 蔡士瑋, Shi-wei(2019)。正義的延異：台灣幽靈認同考察。啟蒙與反叛：台灣哲學百年浪潮，台北=Taipei:
45. 盧素梅，2021.12.29，〈最新民調∕兩岸開戰 5 成民眾不願上戰場邱國正：不做評論〉，三立新聞網 ， https://www.setn.com/news.aspx?newsid=1049416 ， 瀏覽日期：2022.12.20。[Lu, Su-mei. (2021.12.29). The Latest Survey Shows that about 50% People in Taiwan Will Not Go to the Battlefield. The Minister of Defense Says: No Comments. SETNews. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.setn.com/news.aspx?newsid=1049416.]
46. 蕭良其，2022.02.08，〈新民意調查凸顯台灣戰鬥意志及其黨派分歧的趨勢〉，《今周刊》，https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/183027/post/202202080002，瀏覽日期：2022.12.20。[Hsiao, Liang-chi. (2022.02.08). A Latest Survey Shows the Will to Defend Taiwan and the Divergence among Different Parties. Business Today. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/183027/post/202202080002.]
47. 戴國煇, Kuo-hui(1994).台灣結與中國結.台北=Taipei:遠流=Yuan Liou Publishing.