從儒釋道到靜覺的自我修養模式：正念的重新思考

林之丞; 夏允中

doi:10.6254/IPRCS.201912_(52).0002

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P69 - 114

社会科学 > 心理学

DOI： 10.6254/IPRCS

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从儒释道到静觉的自我修养模式：正念的重新思考

Tranquility-Enlightenment Self-Cultivation Model: Rethinking Mindfulness from the Perspective of Chinese Three Philosophies

林之丞(Chih-Cheng Lin) ；夏允中(Yung-Jong Shiah)

本土心理学研究； 52 期 (2019 / 12 / 01) ， P69 - 114

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6254/IPRCS.201912_(52).0002

心理健康；正念；自我修养；佛家；道家；儒家；静坐；静觉； Buddhism ； Confucianism ； mental health ； meditation ； mindfulness ； self-cultivation ； Taoism ； tranquility-enlightenment self-cultivation model

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (143) │ 国际计量

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The concept of mindfulness has spread widely in the West. It draws on Buddhist meditation techniques, but does not present the full nature of Buddhism. Western mindfulness ignores Buddhist ideas about how self-cultivation can be used to attain the ultimate state of nonself-plus-compassion and to reach enlightenment. To fill this gap, we proposed the tranquility-enlightenment self-cultivation model (TESCM) based on three Chinese philosophies (Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism) in order to fully represent the Chinese doctrines of meditation and jing (静, tranquility and inner peace). We first elucidated how meditation facilitates self-cultivation. The purpose of meditation in all three Chinese philosophies is to cultivate a tranquil state of mind, which allows individuals to focus on monitoring the mind, controlling desire, diminishing the ego, and increasing compassion. We refined the concepts of meditation and jing by drawing on scriptures from the three Chinese philosophies, which we used to develop the wisdom, mentality, and actions comprising the TESCM. According to the theory of strangification in constructive realism, which can be used to generalize a specific theory rooted in one culture to another; we then interpreted the Chinese doctrines of meditation and jing using Western psychological language to demonstrate the psychological functioning of the TESCM based on the cultural heritage of Chinese Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The TESCM includes giving up desire, practicing mindful stillness, selfless altruism, and reflective wisdom. Application of the TESCM entails conducting self-reflection with the wisdom to drift away from desire and toward enlightenment. The fundamental concept of the TESCM is giving up desire. Because it may cause suffering, giving up desire can lead to authentic and durable happiness. When one regulates desire intentionally, one may remain unperturbed by external influences and maintain emotional stability, thereby attaining inner peace through the practice of mindful stillness. Furthermore, giving up desire allows one to reduce engagement with self-centered and selfish behaviors, which may lead to more altruistic behavior and improved social- and self-identity. Reflective wisdom, which refers to conducting self-reflection through the principle of giving up desire, practicing mindful stillness, and selfless altruism, is a tool of the TESCM. Reflective wisdom allows one to monitor the mind. When self-centered or selfish thoughts or inappropriate desires appear, reflective wisdom can trigger the psychological function that will dissolve desire and ill will. The TESCM draws on contemporary neuroscience, emphasizing that because of brain neuroplasticity, an individual's habitus and behavior can be shaped by continuously giving up desire, and practicing mindful stillness, selfless altruism, and reflective wisdom. For instance, if one continuously works to regulate negative desires, one may acquire the mentality of having few desires in the long term. This effect can be attained through self-regulation and meditation. Overall, the TESCM depicts the psychological process of liberating oneself from desire, moving from self-centeredness to selflessness, fostering positive interpersonal relationships, and gaining real freedom from the suffering in daily life. This process leads to ultimate wholeness, psychological homeostasis, and authentic and durable happiness. Few studies have been devoted to conceptualizing the three Chinese philosophies. The present study is the first to develop a theoretical framework based on a full consideration of meditation in Chinese Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. We suggest that Chinese meditation provides a reliable and useful approach to improving quality of life. Compared to Western mindfulness, the TESCM focuses more on desire regulation, self-reflection, and moral cultivation than on hedonic happiness or wellbeing as the ultimate purpose of meditation. We conclude by indicating future directions for research on mindfulness, meditation, and mental health.

参考文献 ( 143 ) 〈TOP〉

何淑静(1999)。孟、告、荀与亚里斯多德对「人性与道德」一关系之看法比较。鹅湖学志，23，161-175。
连结：
李贤中(2007)。中国哲学研究方法之省思。哲学与文化，34(4)，7-24。
连结：
杜保瑞(2007)。中国哲学的真理观问题。哲学与文化，34(4)，101-121。
连结：
林安梧(2006)。中西哲学会通之「格义」与「逆格义」方法论的探讨──以牟宗三先生的康德学与中国哲学研究为例。淡江中文学报，15，95-116。
连结：
夏允中,张兰石,张峻嘉,陈泰璿(2018)。黄光国难题正面临的迷阵与突破再四问：自性的有无？何谓自性？自性如何修养达成？如何进行社会科学研究？。本土心理学研究，49，95-117。
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