從東京帕拉林匹克運動會觀看高水準身心障礙運動：運動科學可以幫忙

Sheng-Kuang Wu; Kuan-Chen Wu

doi:10.5297/ser.202112_23(4).0000

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社会科学 > 体育学

DOI： 10.5297/ser

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从东京帕拉林匹克运动会观看高水准身心障碍运动：运动科学可以帮忙

High Performance in Para Sport at the Tokyo Paralympic Games: Role of Sport Science

吴昇光(Sheng-Kuang Wu) ；吴冠臻(Kuan-Chen Wu)

大专体育学刊； 23 卷 4 期 (2021 / 12 / 31) ， Pi - vi

繁体中文;英文 DOI： 10.5297/ser.202112_23(4).0000

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (7) │ 被引用文献 (2) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

当严重特殊传染性肺炎（简称新冠）影响2020年东京奥林匹克运动会（Olympic Games，简称奥运会）及帕拉林匹克运动会（Paralympic Games，简称帕运会），国际奥林匹克委员会及国际帕拉林匹克委员会决定将赛事延期1年，虽然造成主办单位及世界各国参加的不便，但在疫情艰困情况下仍举办奥运会及帕运会在世界上所代表的意义，除了是健全运动员及身心障碍（简称身障）运动员的国际最高水平比赛外，更代表着人类不畏艰难挑战与突破困境的价值。2020年东京奥运会约有11,000位选手参赛33种运动种类，争取339面的金牌项目（International Olympic Committee, 2021）。在奥运会後2周内紧接着举办帕运会，约有4,400 位肢障、视障、智障选手参赛22种运动赛事，争取539面金牌竞赛（International Paralympic Committee, 2021）。所有参加奥运会的选手或是参加帕运会的选手皆经过层层关卡，才能跨进此次国际赛事的最高殿堂（Wu, 2021）。而台湾也在2020年东京奥运会有68位选手参赛18个运动项目，在帕运会中则有10位选手达标参赛6个运动项目。许多研究已证实参与运动训练对於身障者的生理、心理、融入社会、生活品质等皆有正面的效益，欧美先进国家更在1950年代起将运动放入身障者的复健，数十年来明显见到身障者参与运动已是基本人权，甚至不少身障运动员更将挑战帕运会当成其人生的重要目标（Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011; Wu &Williams, 2001）。然而在帕运会中，无论社会大众、观赏比赛者、教练、运动科学（简称运科）专家、体育记者等人，若未听过身障运动的演讲或接受相关课程训练，可能只听过帕运会这个名词，加上台湾甚少转播国内外身障运动赛事（东京帕运会为台湾首度转播选手竞赛），大家并未建立正确的认知来了解优秀身障运动员的杰出表现，甚至有错误的认知以为身障者不需运动，况且激烈运动与训练会不会造成身障运动员的二度伤害？因此本评论拟让未受过运科训练的学者专家，建立基本且正确的态度，采用恰当的运科概念来协助身障运动员突破更佳的成绩，迈进帕运会争取最高的竞技成就。用对方法进入复杂的身障运动：指导身障者首先需了解其特性，障碍类别（type of impairment）、障碍严重程度（severity of impairment）、辅具使用（use of assistant device），接下来了解身障者可能参与的运动项目、在这项运动中的可能体位分级（classification）、身障者其尚残存的功能（residual functions）及造成的主要活动限制（limitation of activity），之後并考量运动特殊性所需要的能力、技术与战术，这些复杂因素是多数人所不知道的整合知识，同时国际上经常有最新研究发现与提出应用的结果，让投入适应体育运动学（adapted physical activity）及身障运动科学（sport science in para sport）的学者专家要不断地吸取新知，可以见到投入身障运动尤为辛苦与困难（Baker, Lemez, Van Neutegem, & Wattie, 2017; Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011; Wu, 2021）。尽管如此，有心想学就能找到方法学习，甚至连身障者本身就可能是我们的老师来分享其自身独特的经验，让在身障运科外行者逐步了解。接下来才能讨论运科专家将其专业知识藉由互相合作的整合模式来协助身障运动员及教练，真正做出符合身障者需求的运科研究与应用。身障运动的挑战困境：或许身障运科在现今国际运科领域上并非显学，国际上多数的学术发表多产自於欧、美、澳等先进国家，似乎国民所得及重视人权的国家其在身障运动的发展与科学支持就较为完善。其中在影响身障者参与竞技运动影响因子更是复杂，经常决定健全人在竞技运动的成就不外乎与身材特性、选手生心理特性、专业及高品质运动训练、运动长期培养与竞赛经验、专业运科支持、运动管理团队等有所相关，长期下来在健全人竞技运动的发展模式已建立基础，以科学为导向的练习（evidence-based practice）已成为现今主流（Baker et al., 2017）。然而在身障运动中要做到以科学为导向的练习似乎仍有很大的差距，除了在已发展国家较为重视身障者竞技运动与培养外，不少发展中国家仍以申请外卡模式争取少数身障运动员参加帕运会外，这些较为弱势的国家对於身障参与运动仅停留在国际参与阶段，无法像参与奥运会争取佳绩那般的重视。而身障运动复杂性及最难理解之处为各运动项目有其特殊性的分级制度（sport-specific classification systems），以便让身障选手依其障碍类别、障碍严重程度、运动需求的功能特性与活动限制来加以确认选手的等级，这一方面的复杂程度经常让有意愿投入身障运动的运科专业人员感到困扰，投入其中的专业知识在初期也不易理解，经常需建立在理论与实务相互配合的缓慢进展过程中（Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011;Wu, 2021）。然在重视运科及身障运动的先进国家中，可发现在知名大学之中已有较为深入及完善的硕博士训练课程，诸如在2021年运动相关分科领域（sports-related subjects）的Quacquarelli Symonds（QS）世界大学排名（QS World University Rankings, 2021）中，排名第1的英国罗浮堡大学（Loughborough University）、第2的澳洲昆士兰大学（The University of Queensland）、第9的加拿大亚伯达大学（University of Alberta）、第23的比利时鲁汶大学（Catholic University of Leuven）。或许台湾在此领域上可吸取国外名校的成功经验，唯有系统性地从教育开始发展後，方能谈到未来成功的紮根及训练出的人才能够落实推广身障运动及进行相关研究，进而协助台湾身障运动选手在国际比赛中获得佳绩。最终我们加以倡导：身障者参与运动应该要被鼓励与协助，优秀身障运动选手的杰出成就需要被报导与奖励，投入身障运动教练及科学的人才需要被支持与肯定，台湾在这个领域若能落实「理论与实务」相结合，必能见到成功的发展模式，相信能在未来预期达到推展身障运动的良好绩效！

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Due to the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) sweeping across the world, the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee decided to postpone the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and Paralympic Games to July and August 2021, respectively. These 2 games were recognized as the highest sport performances and also represented the values of fearlessness and challenged the limits of humans. Around 11,000 athletes competed in 33 sports and 339 medal events at the Tokyo Olympic Games (International Olympic Committee, 2021) and around 4,400 para athletes, including physical impairment (PI), visual impairments (VI), and intellectual impairments (II) competed in 22 sports and 539 medal events at the Paralympic Games (International Paralympic Committee, 2021). All athletes either in Olympic or Paralympic Games, passed through several tough tasks to qualify for the internationally highest events (Wu, 2021). Among those, Taiwan had 68 athletes, who qualified for 18 sporting events at the Olympic Games and 10 para athletes, who qualified for 6 sporting events at the Paralympic Games. Several research studies have indicated that participating in sports training brings positive interests to people with impairments in physical and mental aspects, ability to fit into society and overall lifestyle. Longtime back (1950s) Western countries have incorporated physical activity into rehabilitation for people with impairments. Over the past decades para sport has grown drastically popular, and many para athletes have considered the Paralympics as a lifetime goal (Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011; Wu & Williams, 2001). The knowledge of the general public and sporting professionals, who have not looked into para sport and Paralympics, may only be the name itself. Sporting events for athletes with impairments in Taiwan have rarely been televised (The Tokyo Paralympic Games are the first-ever professional broadcast for para athletes), leading to many misconceptions of para athletes. These mistaken views include ＂people with impairments do not need to play sports＂ and ＂sports might further traumatize the disabled.＂ This manuscript aimed to a establish basic understanding of sports science to help para athletes to improve their performance in their pursuit of outstanding competition. Application of Right Methods in Complicated Para Sport: Before starting to instruct people with impairments, establishing knowledge on their features, like the type of impairment (PI, VI, and II), severity of impairment, and usage of assistant devices is important. We may figure out which sports are available for the person, the classifications of the sport, their residual functions and limitations of activity, and also consider the sport-specific demands, including abilities, skills, and tactics. The complexity of analyzing and integrating these conditions makes the experts of sport science in para sport in need of constantly keeping up with the latest research studies (Baker, Lemez, Van Neutegem, & Wattie, 2017; Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011; Wu, 2021). Despite the difficulties in reaching the specialty, it is not impossible to achieve certain levels. Experiences from the para athletes may be great lessons for beginners in para sport science. By modeling the para athletes and coaches, and integrating sport science can provide appropriate research to adapt to the special needs of para athletes. Challenge and Dilemma of Para Sport: Most research papers are published by the developed countries, such as Western Europe, North America, and Australia. This is probably because sport science in para sport is not in the mainstream of the current international sport science field. The correlation among gross national income, human rights, and the development of para sport can be seen. The formula of success in able-bodied athletes have long been cemented in evidence-based practices as physical prowess, physiological and psychological characteristics, high level and good quality of training, talent development and long-term competition opportunities, professional sport science support, and the managing team (Baker et al., 2017). However, in athletes with impairments, there are several issues to be disclosed. Aside from wealthy countries that train their athletes with attention, many developing countries are still far behind. Some countries can only request a wild card for the Paralympic Games, with their sights set on merely participating, not competing for medals and reaching high performance. The most complex aspect of para sport is the sport-specific classification system. The system allows the athletes to compete according to their impairment type, severity and sport mobility, functional abilities, and activity of limitations. The complexity and tough learning process have long been a barrier that has kept sport science professionals wishing to join the para sport scene away (Tweedy & Vanlandewijck, 2011; Wu, 2021). Though advanced countries in para sport science, some famed universities have established solid master and Ph.D programs that include conclusive studies in this area. For example, No. 1 ranked Loughborough University, UK of the 2021 Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) ranking of sports-related subjects, No. 2 ranked The University of Queensland, Australia, No. 9 ranked University of Alberta, Canada, and No. 23 Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium has well known in adapted physical activity and disability sport (QS World University Rankings, 2021). Hopefully Taiwan can emulate the successes of these countries and universities, and educate the professionals systematically, leading to a better research environment and popularizing para sport or related studies and applications. Finally, we concluded that the sports for people with impairments should be encouraged and assisted, the outstanding achievements reported and rewarded, and professionals who teach and train para sports should be supported and recognized. If Taiwan can integrate the ＂theory to practice＂ in this field, the success in para sport can be expected in near future.

参考文献 ( 7 ) 〈TOP〉

QS World University Rankings. (2021). Sports-related subjects. Retrieved from http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2021/sports-related-subjects
Baker, J.(Ed.),Cobley, S.(Ed.),Schorer, J.(Ed.),Wattie, N.(Ed.)(2017).Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport.London, UK:Routledge.
International Olympic Committee. (2021). Tokyo 2020 facts and figures. Retrieved from http://olympics.com/ioc/tokyo-2020-facts-and-figures
International Paralympic Committee. (2021). Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games: Qualification regulations. Retrieved from https://paralympics.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/IPC-Tokyo-2020-Paralympic-Games-Qualifiation-Regulations-April-2021.pdf
Tweedy, S. M.,Vanlandewijck, Y. C.(2011).International Paralympic Committee position stand-Background and scientific principles of classification in Paralympic sport.British Journal of Sports Medicine,45(4),259-269.

被引用文献 ( 2 ) 〈TOP〉

潘奕儒,许芳敏,吴昇光(2023)。台湾轮椅击剑运动的推广与发展。大专体育，164，1-12。
(2024)。帕拉林羽球SU5男单选手发球与接发球数据之探讨。台大体育学报，47，43-53。

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