「家庭社經地位」與母親教養效能、幼兒適應行為及詞彙理解能力之關係

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doi:10.6251/BEP.202006_51(4).0007

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社会科学 > 心理学
社会科学 > 教育学

DOI： 10.6251/BEP

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「家庭社经地位」与母亲教养效能、幼儿适应行为及词汇理解能力之关系

Relationship Among Family Socioeconomic Status and Maternal Parenting Efficacy, Preschoolers' Adjustment, and Receptive Vocabulary Ability

邓荫萍(Yin-Ping Teresa Teng)

教育心理学报； 51 卷 4 期 (2020 / 06 / 01) ， P663 - 686

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6251/BEP.202006_51(4).0007

母职效能；幼儿适应行为；社经地位；教养因素；词汇理解能力； maternal self-efficacy ； preschooler's adjustment ； socioeconomic status ； parenting factors ； receptive vocabulary

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (84) │ 被引用文献 (5) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Numerous studies have shown that a family's SES is related to young children's development, and mothers' parenting effectiveness may mediate this relationship. This current study was part of the National Science Council (NSC) project, The Study of Mother's Parenting Self-Efficacy, Parenting Practices, and Child's Social-Emotional Behaviors (I) (II) (NSC 102410-H-158-008-MY2), managed by Dr. Teresa Yin Ping Teng as the principal investigator and sponsored by The Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan. To examine the concurrent relationship among SES, maternal parenting efficacy (e.g., maternal self-efficacy [MSE] and parenting factor), preschoolers' adjustment, and their receptive vocabulary ability. This study targeted children, aged 3-5 years, enrolled in the preschools of Taipei City and Taitung County. The sample population comprised 511 preschoolers, their mothers, and teachers, and data collection was performed through stratified cluster random sampling. Mothers reported their family characteristics and MSE, when responding to the parenting factor questionnaire. Mothers and teachers rated preschoolers' adjustment. Each preschooler's receptive vocabulary ability was evaluated by the research assistant individually. The research investigation was conducted through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and path analysis of regression. Discussion: (1) The study showed that in families with higher SES, mothers of young children were mostly employed, had nuclear families, mostly lived in cities (Taipei), and raised fewer children. This result was consistent with the 2018 survey conducted by the National Statistics, R.O.C. Among married women with different educational levels, those with a college degree and above raised fewer children than married women with an elementary school diploma or below did. These women mainly came from nuclear families. Compared with mothers from lower SES families, mothers from higher SES families had nuclear families, raised fewer children, and exhibited higher maternal parenting efficacy. Moreover, employed mothers exhibited more responsiveness in their parenting style. However, mothers from lower SES families exhibited more demandingness when interacting with their children, suggesting that families' economic problems may have a negative impact on parents and children, which was consistent with the Family Stress Model. Economic pressure can cause parents to exhibit problematic emotions and behaviors, causing parenting troubles and poor parenting efficiency. The parenting of mothers from higher SES families was characterized by responsiveness, that is, they showed love when interacting with children. Interestingly, employed mothers exhibited high demandingness and responsiveness, as they followed what Maccoby and Martin (1983) defined as the democratic-authoritative parenting style, characterized by high responsiveness and high demandingness. Mother being employed was regarded as the main cause of conflicts between work and family. Work-family conflicts were also observed in the current study, indicating that mothers have to juggle conflicting family and work roles when employed. In Taiwan, balancing work and family responsibilities is a parenting challenge faced by many employed mothers who have children aged ＜6 years. (2) This study also found that compared with mothers from lower SES families, mothers from higher SES families, who were living in cities, had nuclear families, were employed, and older, presented better maternal parenting efficacy. Their children exhibited less maladjustment (mothers' report), and good receptive vocabulary ability. In addition, the mothers' parenting styles exhibited more responsiveness and less demandingness. Boys exhibited more maladjusted behavior than girls did (mothers' and teachers' report). Moreover, children from urban areas exhibited more maladjustment than those from rural areas did (teacher's report). (3) Path analysis and controlling the variables of age and gender of young children indicated that mothers from higher SES families exhibited higher maternal parenting efficacy than those from lower SES families did. Mothers with higher maternal parenting efficacy were associated with better child adjustment (mothers' report), whereas demanding parenting was associated with poorer child adjustment (mother' report). This result suggested that maternal parenting efficacy was an important meditation variable. Fewer maladjustment problems were reported for young children with mothers who played maternal roles. This study found that families' SES significantly influenced the social-emotional development of young children. Moreover, children's maladjustment was not necessarily influenced by mothers observing responsive parenting style; however, mothers observing demanding parenting style counterproductively increased children's maladjustment. The number of young children in a family was also found to affect mothers' parenting styles. Employed mothers often practiced responsive parenting style when the number of young children was fewer. On the contrary, employed mothers practiced demanding parenting style if there were more young children in a family, which likely increased children's maladjustment. (4) In addition to influencing children's maladjustment, a family's SES also exerted a significant direct impact on preschoolers' receptive vocabulary ability. Both parenting factors of responsiveness and demandingness had a positive impact on the children's receptive vocabulary ability. Furthermore, children who lived in the cities had a higher receptive vocabulary ability. (5) Mothers' and teachers' reports on children's maladjustment were positively correlated. Boys exhibited more maladjustment than girls, and children in urban areas were more maladjusted than those in rural areas, according to teachers' reports. In addition, maternal parenting efficacy and parenting factors were found to have an impact on children's maladjustment according to mothers' reports. (6) Employed mothers exhibited lower maternal parenting efficacy, and their children had higher maladjustment. However, employed mothers increased the total income of the family, in turn improving the family's SES. To improve maternal parenting efficacy, mothers adopted more responsiveness than demandingness in their parenting practice. Mothers of young children who needed to work had more diversified parental roles and needed to pay more effort. Working mothers were associated with lower maternal parenting efficacy and higher children maladjustment. Thus, providing supportive services to employed mothers raising young children is an important issue. Results showed that mothers from families with higher SES were more likely to be employed, raise fewer children, exhibit higher maternal parenting efficacy, and follow responsive parenting style. Moreover, their children presented better adjustment (mothers' report) and receptive vocabulary ability. After all variables of this model were controlled for, family SES was found to have a direct positive impact on children's receptive vocabulary ability, and the integrated responsive and demanding parenting style had a positive influence on children's language ability. Furthermore, SES exhibited no significant relationship with children's maladjustment. However, through the mediation of parenting efficacy, SES had a negative impact on children's maladjustment. In addition, demanding parenting practices had a positive impact on children's maladjustment (mothers' report). In summary, SES was found to be intricately associated with maternal parenting efficacy, preschoolers' adjustment, and receptive vocabulary ability in different processes. The current study's results can provide a reference for future studies on maternal parenting efficacy, parenting factors, preschoolers' adjustment, and receptive vocabulary ability.

参考文献 ( 84 ) 〈TOP〉

李思贤, S.-H.,张弘洁, H.-C.,李兰, L.,吴文琪, W.-C.(2006)。家庭及学校的社会资本与国小学童内化行为问题之关系。中华心理卫生学刊，3，231-254。
连结：
林佩伃, P.-Y.(2012)。家庭语文环境与幼儿接收性词汇的表现。幼儿教育年刊，23，23-44。
连结：
曾智丰, C.-F.(2013)。家长社经背景对子女教养行为的影响－以个人价值观与教育目的认知为中介变项。嘉大教育研究学刊，31，85-118。
连结：
程景琳, C.-L.,涂妙如, M.-J.,陈虹仰, H.-Y.,张监如, C.-J.(2016)。学龄前婴幼儿之社会情绪能力－与婴幼儿语言能力及父母教养之关联。当代教育研究季刊，24(3)，1-27。
连结：
劉惠美, M.-H.,陈昱君, Y.-C.(2015)。华语婴幼儿表达性词汇的语意内容及词类组成之发展。教育心理学报，47(2)，217-242。
连结：

被引用文献 ( 5 ) 〈TOP〉

国际计量

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