沼氣發電對溫室氣體的減量及排放與環境衝擊之評估

徐瑋勵

doi:10.6342/NTU201602304

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沼气发电对温室气体的减量及排放与环境冲击之评估

Assessment of Power Generation from Biogas on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Environment Impact

徐玮励 , 硕士　　导师：张庆源　　

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU201602304

燃气涡轮机；往复式发电机；沼气发电；生命周期评估；温室气体减排；厌氧消化； gas turbine ； reciprcal engine ； power generation from biogas ； anaerobic digestion ； life cycle assessment ； greenhouse gas emissions

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (58) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

沼气定义为再生能源中生质能源的一种气态燃料，可用於产热及发电。完善的利用过剩沼气可以有效降低沼气中CH4、CO2等温室气体直接排放所造成的冲击，并能有效减少能资源的浪费。本研究以国内最大的污泥厌氧处理厂-八里污水处理厂为基础进行污泥及厨余厌氧处理产生沼气发电之生命周期评估以探讨其可行性。研究内容主要分为两部分。第一部分为利用燃气涡轮机及往复式发电机燃烧沼气发电，分析排放废气组成及发电机的性质，并建立第二部分生命周期评估所需要之参数。第二部分是利用生命周期评估分析，进行八里污水处理场之污泥厌氧消化产生沼气至发电的探讨，并设立以厨余进行厌氧消化产生沼气至发电的比较冲击分析。最後根据发电机的燃烧排放，分析沼气发电与化石能源发电之CO2的排放比较。
第一部份的结果显示，当输出功率超过20 kw时，传统往复式沼气发电机的NOx排放浓度约为燃气涡轮机的20倍;输出功率越高，浓度差异越大。每一度电对於气体排放控制及燃烧效率的比较上，往复式发电机CO的排放量为4.8×10-2 kg、NOx为1.92×10-2、燃烧效率(combustion efficiency, CE)为0.97;燃气涡轮机CO的排放量为4.1×10-3 kg、NOx为1.63×10-3 kg、CE为0.99。燃气涡轮机在CO及NOx的排放量约为往复式发电机的十分之一。
第二部分的结果显示，沼气发电於整体生命周期的分析以厌氧消化的程序影响冲击最大。例如，污泥厌氧消化及燃气涡轮机燃烧沼气发电两程序之冲击程度分别为10-3 pt及9.81×10-5 pt，厨余作为厌氧消化的原料比起污泥产生的效益更好，因其有机质含量高，产出沼气量大使其利用厌氧消化产沼气发电对环境冲击为以污泥作为原料的一半。以厨余及污泥为原料产生沼气发电之环境冲击程度分别为5.6×10-4 pt及1.11×10-3 pt。不考虑厌氧消化产生沼气之二氧化碳排放，使用沼气发电比起传统化石能源发电对於二氧化碳排放的比较上，以燃气涡轮机作为沼气发电的基准，计入前处理设备(如乾燥机及压缩机)比之能源投入，每发一度电会排放266 g CO2 eq，比起煤平均至少可以减少734 g CO2 eq;天然气可减少203 g CO2 eq;石油可减少574 g CO2 eq。以燃气涡轮机作为沼气发电替代台湾综合电力及化石燃料电力，至少可以分别降低51.25%及67%的二氧化碳排放量。故沼气发电的应用可有效解决目前本国过剩沼气的处理问题，更可以作为化石燃料的替代能源，有效减少温室气体排放的影响。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Biogas is one of gaseous fuel biomass energies in renewable resourcse. It can be used for heating and power generation. Improvement of the use of surplus biogas can effectively decrease the impact of greenhouse gas emissions of CH4 and CO2 in biogas on global warming, and reduce wasting energy resource. In this study, the life cycle assessment was performed to investigate the feasibility of adopting Bali sewage treatment plant, which is the largest of anaerobic sludge treatment plant in Taiwan, for the anaerobic treatment of sludge and foodwaste to produce biogas and generate the electricity. The study consists of two parts. The first part employed gas turbine and reciprocal engine to generate electricity from biogas. The composition of exhausts and performance characteristics of power generators were exmined to provide information of parameters needs for the second part. The second part conducted life cycle assessment to investigate the process of anaerobic digestion of sludge to produce biogas and generate electricity at Bali sewage treatment plant. The scenario of process of anaerobic digestion of foodwaste was also assessed. Finally, according to the emissions of exhausts of the generator, comparation of CO2 emissions of power generation from biogas with fossil fuel was made.
The results from part I show, as the output power exceeds 20 kW, emission concentration of NOx using conventional reciprocal engine is about 20 times than that using gas turbine. The higher the output power, the greater the difference in NOx concentration. For 1 kWh output electricity, the emitted amount from reciprocal engine were 4.8×10-2 kg CO and 1.92 ×10-2 kg NOx with combustion efficiency (CE) of 0.97. Those from gas turbine were 4.1×10-3 kg CO and 1.63×10-3 kg NOx with CE of 0.99. The amount of exhausts of CO and NOx from gas turbine are about one-tenth of those from reciprocal engine. 
The results from part II indicate that the anaerobic digestion unit process exhibits the highest environmental impact in the whole processes from the input of raw matterials to the output of power generated from biogas. The impact extents of anaerobic digestion of sludge and power generation via gas turbine using biogas are 10-3 pt and 9.81×10-5 pt, respectively. The benefits of anaerobic digestion of foodwaste as a raw material are better than those of sludge. Because of the high content of organic matter of raw material of foodwaste and its large biogas output, the environmental impact using foodwaste is in half comparing with sludge. The impact extents for power generation via gas turbine using biogas with raw inputs of foodwaste and sludge are 5.6×10-4 pt and 1.11×10-3 pt, respectively. Without counting the CO2 emission from the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion, for generating 1 kWh, the gas turbine using biogas emitted CO2 of 266 g with 734 g, 203 g and 574 g less than those of power generators using coal, nature gas and oil, respectively. The use of available biogas for gas turbine in replacing the composed energy sources and sole fossil fuels for electricity generation of Taiwan can reduce at least 51.25% and 67% of CO2 emission, respectively. Therefore, the application of power generation from biogas can effectively not only solve the problem of the surplus biogas, but also offer an alternative energy to fossil fuels, effectively reducing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions.

参考文献 ( 58 ) 〈TOP〉

Bacenetti J, Negre M, Fiala M, González-García S. Anaerobic digestion of different feedstocks: impact on energetic and environmental balances of biogas process. Science of the Total Environment 2013;463:541-51.
连结：
Bare JC, Hofstetter P, Pennington DW, Udo de Haes HA. Midpoints versus endpoints: The sacrifices and benefits. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2000;5(6):319-26.
连结：
Berglund M, Börjesson P. Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006;30(3): 254-66.
连结：
Bernstad A, la Cour J. A life cycle approach to the management of household food waste–a Swedish full-scale case study. Waste management 2011;31(8):1879-96.
连结：
Boulamanti AK, Maglio SD, Giuntoli J, Agostini A. Influence of different practices on biogas sustainability. Biomass and Bioenergy 2013;53:149-61.
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