自營作業者的社會安全與職業安全健康風險：在COVID-19疫情期間的攤販業者經歷

黃琇淇

doi:10.6342/NTU202202235

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自营作业者的社会安全与职业安全健康风险：在COVID-19疫情期间的摊贩业者经历

Social Security and Occupational Safety and Health Risks among Own-Account Workers: Experiences of Street Vendors in the COVID-19 Pandemic

黄琇淇 , 硕士　　导师：郑雅文　　

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU202202235

自营作业者；摊贩； COVID-19 ；职业安全健康；社会安全； own-account workers ； street vendors ； COVID-19 ； occupational safety and health ； social security

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (108) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

背景：COVID-19大流行造成许多人工作模式或就业状况改变。劳动条件较弱势的自营作业者，例如摊贩，面临较大的市场竞争与景气变动压力，因此可能在经济危机期间更容易受到不利的健康影响。针对疫情对就业与工作者身心健康的冲击，国内外文献已有一些研究，但大多仅针对受雇者；目前仍少有针对自营摊贩业者职业安全健康面向之研究。
目的：本研究旨在了解自营作业者健康与职灾风险之相关因素并与受雇者作比较，且进一步针对自营摊贩业者探讨其社会安全与职业安全健康风险，以及受COVID-19疫情影响的情形。
方法：研究分为两部分。第一部分利用劳动部劳动与职业安全卫生研究所於2016年进行的劳动环境安全卫生认知调查资料进行次级资料分析，以了解自营作业者的社会人口特质、工作状况、职场社会心理特质、职灾经历、健康状态与参与社会保险的情形，并依据分析变项与结果来设计访谈大纲。第二部份以半结构访谈大纲进行深度访谈，访谈对象为至少有3年的摊贩工作经验且主要工作为小吃摊贩的自营作业者，以了解他们的工作与健康状况以及在疫情期间的经验。
结果：第一部份量性分析结果显示，相对於受雇者，自营作业者较为年长、教育程度较低、工时较长、收入较低，然其工作心理负荷较低且工作控制较高；在健康与职灾风险方面，自营作业者的自评健康较差、职灾盛行率较高，但个人疲劳及心理健康状况则较受雇者佳。多变项回归分析表明，在控制社会人口特质、工作状况和职场社会心理特质变项後，自营作业者的健康与职灾风险并无显着高於受雇者，表示自营作业从业身分本身并未提高其健康与职灾风险。第二部分质性访谈分析结果则显示，自营小吃摊贩拥有工作自主性，但工作时间长，并容易於工作场所中面临多重职业危害，包括灾害事故风险、物理性危害、人因性危害和社会心理性危害；他们也较容易为了赚取更多收入而忽视职业安全健康风险，且劳动相关社会保险的涵盖率与使用率相对低落。在COVID-19疫情期间，部分摊贩被迫暂停营业而陷入经济困顿，选择继续营业的摊贩则担忧染疫的风险，进而影响心理健康。 
结论：相较於受雇者，自营作业者拥有较高的工作自主性，然而整体而言，仍属劳动条件与健康较为弱势的族群，且较少受到劳动与社会安全制度的保障。针对自营摊贩业者，收入不安全是主要心理压力来源，尤其在面临重大疫情之时，社经状况越弱势者，所受到的冲击程度也就越高。建议政府应重视自营作业者的职业安全健康状况，并强化其职业伤病发生之後的经济安全及社会保护制度。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected many people’s work patterns or employment status. Own-account workers, such as street vendors, are more likely to be exposed to market competition and economic fluctuations and thus may be more susceptible to adverse health effects in times of crisis. Studies that have been carried out to examine the impacts of the pandemic on workers’ employment and health have mostly been conducted in employees. Few studies have investigated the work and occupational safety and health among own-account vendors’.  
Purpose: This study aimed to compare health and occupational injury risks between own-account workers and employees, and to investigate the social security and occupational safety and health risks of own-account vendors, and the situation affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. 
Methods: The research was divided into two parts. The first part utilized the statistical data of the 2016 Labor Environment Safety and Health Cognition Survey to understand the sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, psychosocial work characteristics, experiences of occupational injuries, health status and participation in social insurance among own-account workers. Consequently, the interview outline was designed for the second part of this study, in which in-depth interviews were conducted with own-account workers who have at least 3 years of work experience as street food vendors. All interviews were fully transcribed, and qualitative textual analysis was performed. 
Results: The results of the quantitative analysis showed that, compared with the employees, own-account workers were older, had lower educational attainment, longer working hours and lower income, but their work demands were lower and work control was higher. In terms of health and occupational injury risks, own-account workers had poorer self-rated health and higher prevalence of occupational injuries, but their personal burnout levels and mental health status were better than the employees. Multivariate regression analysis showed that after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions and psychosocial characteristics, the health status and the risk of occupational injury of own-account workers were similar to that of employees, indicating that own-account work status itself did not increase their health and occupational injury risks. The qualitative interview showed that own-account street food vendors had higher work control but long working hours, and they had higher occupational safety and health risks. However, they tended to neglect their health condition in order to earn more income. Street food vendors who had closed their business due to the COVID-19 pandemic were in financial difficulties while those who chose to continue operating were worried about the risk of infection, resulting in poor mental health. 
Conclusion: Own-account workers are relatively vulnerable in terms of working conditions and health, but they are less likely to be protected by the labor and social security systems. For own-account street vendors, income insecurity is the main source of psychological stress. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lower the socioeconomic status, the more adverse impact they have. Governments should pay attention to the occupational safety and health of this group, and improve the economic safety and social protection after occupational injuries.

参考文献 ( 108 ) 〈TOP〉

陈佳雯、陆洛（2011）。「还有明天？」工作不安全感对员工的差异性影响。人力资源管理学报，11(3)，49-73。
连结：
丁于真（2014）。我国非正式部门就业者的劳动条件与权益之探讨。国立政治大学劳工研究所硕士论文。
王佳雯（2010）。社会心理危害、不安定雇用模式与受雇者之健康。国立台湾大学卫生政策与管理研究所硕士论文。
王佳雯、郑雅文、李谕昇、徐儆晖（2010）。职场社会心理危害调查监测制度之国际概况。台湾公共卫生杂志，29(6)，551-560。
王瑶芬、赖淑端、李宜静（2010）。小吃经营者专业能力之研究。休闲暨观光产业研究，5(1 2)，70-89。https://doi.org/10.6158/jltir.201012_5(1_2).0005

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