焦點解決團體諮商對未婚成年女性愛情分手失落調適之輔導效果

The Effects of Solution-Focused Group Counseling on Break-up Adjustment of Unmarried Adult Females

10.6251/BEP.202009_52(1).0006

陳湘芸(Hsiang-Yun Chen)；許維素(Wei-Su Hsu)

分手調適 ； 焦點解決短期治療 ； 焦點解決團體諮商 ； 團體輔導效果 ； break-up adjustment ； solution-focused brief therapy ； solution-focused group counseling ； group effects

教育心理學報

52卷1期（2020 / 09 / 01）

139 - 162

繁體中文

本研究旨在探討焦點解決團體諮商（SFGC）運用於未婚成年女性分手調適之輔導效果。共有6位遭逢分手失落的未婚成年女性，參與為期8次、每次2小時之結構性焦點解決團體諮商。成員們分別於團體前、團體結束時以及團體結束後四周，各接受一至兩小時的半結構式個別訪談，共獲得18份訪談稿，並依主題分析法進行資料分析。研究結果發現，團體成員在不同階段面對分手調適有所改變的向度包括：對分手的態度與因應、分手對自我的影響、對原親密關係的態度、對未來感情的態度，以及對人我關係的態度與影響；同時，團體成員認為參與團體的經驗對其分手調適的影響包括：（1）團體溫暖信任的正向環境，提供安全檢視經驗的機會；（2）成員的優勢與進展，激發人際學習與正向激勵；以及（3）SFGC解決導向活動，發揮賦能效益。本研究結果支持SFGC催化成員分手調適歷程的各方發展，帶出接納與重新建構的契機，而SFGC歷程對成員分手調適的影響與療效因素的發揮有其獨道之處，包括：分手調適可為一建構解決之道的歷程、目標與未來導向帶來穩定與方向感、賦能與改變導向帶來高度正向激勵以及團體支持與學習等。最後，依據本研究結果對未來相關實務與研究提出具體建議。

Dealing with intimacy is one of the essential life tasks in early adulthood. Ending an intimate relationship results in a loss of social networks, emotional support, role positioning, future expectations, and self-identity associated with the relationship. Therefore, breakup distress may cause negative impacts on the establishment of new intimacy and the choice of future marriage. Group counseling combined with short-term treatment has gained increasing popularity. The solution-focused approach, which with the characteristics of a short-term treatment, considers clients' goals as well as their strengths and competence and clarifies steps toward the clients' future vision or desired solution. The solution-focused approach has unique insights in dealing with the grieving process: (1) loss is not a problem in itself, but the real problem is coping with a life that has experienced loss; (2) through the perception shift, the future still has space for negotiation after experiencing loss; (3) understanding people's negative emotions that accompany the loss and respecting the uniqueness of their emotion in the social context of the person concerned are crucial; (4) when forming a solution, considering the normality and individuality of each person and valuing the individualized goals and healing process of the loss are essential; (5) a belief exists that the grieving and healing processes can coexist; accordingly, learning self-care is vital when encountering a loss; and (6) it is meaningful to focus on the importance of meaning reconstruction during the adjustment process. Numerous studies have confirmed the effects of solution-focused group counseling on multiple topics, such as substance abuse, behavior problem, and mental illness. However, studies on the effects of solution-focused group counseling on break-up adjustment in Taiwan have been inadequate. This study explored the effects of solution-focused group counseling on break-up adjustment for unmarried adult females. Participants' selection criteria were as follows: (1) single, young, unmarried adult women aged between 22 and 33 years and (2) those who experienced a specific and profound breakup in the past year and felt that they had not yet worked through the breakup. After recruiting and individual interviewing, six unmarried adult females, including two who proposed to actively breakup, were invited to attend the solution-focused group counseling. Participants' intimate relationships lasted from half a year to 10 years. The solution-focused group counseling was led by a female leader who was a qualified counselor with 10 years of training in the solution-focused approach. The group's co-leader was another female counselor who had acquired basic training in the solution-focused approach. All the group members of this solution-focused group counseling accepted an individual semi-structured interview for one to two hours before the group counseling, at the end of the group counseling, and four weeks after the group counseling. These three interviews mainly focused on understanding the current situation of group members' breakup experience and adjustment process, including their current thoughts, feelings, and corresponding behaviors of breakup; their current ability and confidence in the adjustment process; and their thoughts about this past relationship and their own future. Furthermore, the interview aimed to understand their experience and gains of participating in this group counseling. The interviewing data were analyzed according to the principles of thematic analysis in qualitative research. After an overall understanding of the interview text, sentence segmentation and coding were performed according to the minimum ＂meaning units＂ of each sentence of the interviewees. The units with similar meanings were then assembled to initially summarize and develop subtopics. Thereafter, the related subtopics were further compared and summarized into subthemes through repeated comparison and induction for classification and filing. Accordingly, the ＂theme＂ was gradually formed. Finally, data analysis was conducted across six interviewees. The research team continued to discuss during data analysis. The solution-focused group counseling comprised 8 sessions of 120 minutes each once a week. Each session began with a warm-up activity to elicit group members' exceptional moments last week and recall small changes in their daily life. Each session included one or two main solution-focused activities and a 15-minute break after the main activities. The leader and co-leader discussed during the break and returned to the group for a set of compliments to all members. Before ending each session, group members were assigned homework. The group session had the following objectives: (1) positive opening and finding pre-session changes, (2) looking for coping strategies and exceptional moments, (3) reframing the meaning of breakup experience and concretizing the changes, (4) using a miracle question to picture the preferred future and goals, (5) amplifying strengths and setting the first steps, (6) amplifying useful coping strategies and prompting actions by relationship questions, (7) using scaling questions to concretize the progress and elements of changes, and (8) exploring positive experience and effective strategies for maintaining changes in the future. Although the main activities were pre-designed, this group still retained flexibility, enabling group members to spontaneously share important topics. Two group leaders applied specific techniques of the solution-focused approach when responding to group members' reactions. The study results supported that solution-focused group counseling can enhance the group participants' positive adjustments on breakup experience. The dimensions of changes subjectively perceived by these group members at different group stages included the following: (1) group members developed positive personal meanings and effective coping methods; (2) breakup experience became an opportunity to increase group members' self-awareness and self-efficiency; (3) with regard to facing an original intimate relationship, group members' situation changed from being confused to re-examining the relationship; (4) group members' attitudes toward their future relationships became positive; and (5) group members began engaging in positive interpersonal interactions. Furthermore, group members' experience of participating in solution-focused group counseling included the following: (1) the trust in the group provides a safe environment for members to re-examine and reflect on the breakup experience; (2) the strengths and advancement of each group member facilitated interpersonal learning, support, and positive encouragements; and (3) solution-focused group counseling activities empowered group members to take actions and improve their confidence and sense of hope. This study discussed the effect of group therapeutic factors of solution-focused group counseling on breakup adjustment. (1) Break-up adjustment in the solution-focused group counseling can be treated as a solution-building process, (2) future-oriented and goal-oriented characters of solution-focused group counseling can ensure a sense of stability among group members, (3) empowerment- and change-oriented characters of solution-focused group counseling can facilitate high positive incentives for group members, and (4) group interactions in solution-focused group counseling can create opportunities for mutual learning, help, and encouragement. Based on the research results, some suggestions were proposed for future research and counseling practice. Future studies can adopt the quantitative design, including a control group and the measuring scales of group counseling effect, to expand the effect of solution-focused group counseling. Future studies should explore the therapeutic factors and effects of group activities in solution-focused group counseling with different member backgrounds, including factors such as the duration of an intimate relationship, the length of breakup, gender, and age.

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