“文化相遇的方法論”－評析中歐文化交流研究的新視野

New Perspective on the Methodology of Cultural Contacts in the Studies of the Cultural Encounters between China and Europe in the Seventeenth Century

10.6253/ntuhistory.2007.40.07

陳慧宏(Hui-Hung Chen)

基督宗教在中國 ； 耶穌會 ； 後殖民 ； 後現代 ； 新文化史 ； 他者 ； 交往互動 ； Christianity in China ； The Jesuits ； Post-colonialism ； Post-modernism ； Interaction ； New Cultural History ； the Other

臺大歷史學報

40期（2007 / 12 / 01）

239 - 278

繁體中文

比利時鐘鳴旦教授(Nicolas Standaert)2002年發表的”Methodology in View of Contact between Cultures: The China Case in the Seventeenth Century”一文，是西方學界在中歐文化交流研究頓域中最新的理論分析。本文針對鐘氏運用的幾項理論及其解釋，提出問題，並作更進一步的討論。討論的目的有二： 第一、文化交流的方法論中，諸多概念的演繹，與近來西方學界文化史研究趨向密切相闕，因此，對其分析將有助於瞭解近年來蓬勃發展之中歐文化交流的研究，在過去以及未來如何讓跨文化的研究豐富歷史學的方法論。這個領域備受關注最有意義的一點，在於它為歷史研究開展了更多元的視野。本文將就人類學的理論如何影響跨文化的研究，交往互動的概念如何取代交流，以及文本性質的重新界定等議題，整合其他文化史理論作分析。 第二、近來中文學界有關中歐文化交流或基督宗教在中國的研究，由於衆多中國大陸學者的投入，對中國研究產生相當的刺激，但大陸學界的關注視野，與西方學界的文化史發展有不同的脈絡及結果。如何綜觀這兩方的發展而對未來提出展望，也是本文的目標。雖然本文主要以評析此文化相遇的方法論作出發，但其討論擴及廣義的文化史理論，對西方學界跨文化研究的背景，亦將作部分的專題分析。

Professor Nicolas Standaert's article, entitled ”Methodology in View of Contact between Cultures: The China Case in the Seventeenth Century,” published in 2002, is the most recent methodological analysis of the cultural encounters between China and Europe in western scholarship. The present article discusses Standaert's theories and arguments within the broader methodological evolution of ”cultural history,” from the perspective of western historiography, and raises some questions for further reflection. There are two purposes for this discussion. First, various concepts in the theory of cultural contacts, as elaborated by Standaert, are associated with the historiographical tendency to cultural history, and which stirs several issues for cross-cultural studies. Therefore, it is hoped that the present analysis of this article will contribute to the understanding of the significance of cross-cultural studies, which did open up a variety of new perspectives for historical studies. The following issues will be discussed: how anthropology affects cross-cultural studies, how and why the concept of ”exchange” has been replaced by one of ”interaction,” the re-definition of the nature of ”texts and context,” and so on. Second, in recent decades, Mainland Chinese scholars have been actively engaged in the study of Christianity in China and the cultural encounters between both sides. Their efforts stirred new thinking in Chinese studies. However, their perspectives were developed within a different context from the western one, thus generating different research results. This article is mainly concerned with the perspectives from western research, but hopes to provide clues as to how to bring the research from the Chinese and western scholars together to a prospective historiography. This article also intends to discuss the above methodological issues, covering the theories of cultural history. It is not written as a review essay alone, and ventures to offer a specific analysis of cross-cultural studies in western scholarship, as starting from Standaert's methodology.

1. Appleby, Joyee,Lynn Hunt,Margaret Jacob.(1994).Telling the Truth about History.New York:W. W. Norton & Company.
2. Averill, Stephen、吳喆、孫慧敏譯、江政寬校譯(2000)。中國與「非西方」世界的歷史研究之若干新趨勢。新史學，11(3)
3. Bal, Mieke,Norman Bryson.(1991).Semiotics and Art History.The Art Bulletin,73(2),174-208.
4. Bitterli, Urs.(1989).Cultures in Conflict: Encounters between European and Non-European Cultures, 1492-1800.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
5. Bryson, Norman (ed.)(1988).Calligram: Essays in New Art History from France.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
6. Burke, Peter,R. Po-chia Hsia (eds.)(2007).Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
7. Chartier, Roger.,Lydia G. Cochrane. (Trans.)(1997).On the Edge of the Cliff: History, Language, and Practices.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
8. Chen, Hui-Hung.(2007).The Human Body as a Universe: Understanding Heaven by Visualization and Sensibility in Jesuit Cartography in China.The Catholic Historical Review,93(3),517-552.
9. Curto, Diogo Ramada.(1999).The European Expansion during the Early Modern Period: A Research Proposal.Paper presented at the Cursos da Arrábida, Historiography and Empire, Comissāo Nacional para as Comemoracōes dos Descobrimentos Portugueses,Arrábida, Portugal:
10. Curto, Diogo Ramada.(Ed.)(1998).O Tempo de Vasco da Gama.Lisbon:DIFEL, Difusao.
11. De Certeau, Michel.,Tom Conley. (Trans.)(1988).The Writing of History.New York:Columbia University Press.
12. Dewald, Jonathan.(1998).Roger Chartier and the Fate of Cultural History.French Historical Studies,21(2),221-240.
13. Dunch, Ryan.(2002).Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Cultural Theory, Christian Missions, and Global Modernity.History and Theory,41(3),301-325.
14. Gernet, Jacques.(1985).China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. Gernet, Jacques.(1982).Chine et Christianisme: Action et Réaction.Paris:Gallimard.
16. Harris, Steven J.,John W. O`Malley, S. J. (Ed.)(1999).The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts 1540-1773.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
17. Hunt, Lynn (ed.)(1989).The New Cultural History.Berkeley:University of California Press.
18. Kramer, Lloyd S.,Lynn Hunt.Literature, Criticism, and Historical Imagination: The Literary Challenge of Hayden White and Dominick LaCapra.The New Cultural History.
19. Mungello, David.(1997).Christianity in China: Introduction.The Catholic Historical Review,83(4),569-572.
20. Potts, Alex.,Robert S. Nelson,Richard Shiff.(Ed.)(1996).Critical Terms for Art History.Chicago:University of Chicago press.
21. Schwartz, Stuart B.(1994).Introduction to Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era.Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge University Press.
22. Standaert, Nicolas.(2002).Methodology in View of Contact between Cultures: The China Case in the Seventeenth Century.宗教與中國社會研究中心專文報告系列,11
23. Standaert, Nicolas.(1991).Inculturation and Chinese-Christian Contacts in the Late Ming and Early Qing.Ching Feng,34(4),209-227.
24. Standaert, Nicolas.(2001).Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume One (635-1800).Leiden:E. J. Brill.
25. Standaert, Nicolas.(1997).New Trends in the Historiography of Christianity in China.The Catholic Historical Review,83(4),573-613.
26. Standaert, Nicolas.(2001).Christianity as a Religion in China: Insights from the Handbook of Christianity in China: Volume One (635-1800).Cahiers d`Extrême-Asie (Revue bilingue de l`Ecole Francaise d`Extrême-Orient).
27. Standaert, Nicolas.(1988).Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in Late Ming China.Leiden:E. J. Brill.
28. Standaert, Nicolas.,J. Scheuer,P. Servais(Ed.),Th. Marres. (Trans.)(2004).Passeurs de religions entre orient et occident.Louvain-la-Neuve:Bruylant academia.
29. Standaert, Nicolas.,John W. O`Malley, S. J. (Ed.)(1999).The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts 1540-1773.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
30. Standaert, Nicolas.,Stephen Uhalley,Xiaoxin Wu. (Ed.)(2001).China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future.Armonk, N. Y:M. E. Sharpe.
31. Standaert, Nicolas.,Xiaoxin Wu(Ed.)(2005).Encounters and Dialogues: Changing Perspectives on Chinese-Western Exchanges from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.Sankt Augustin:Steyler Verlag.
32. Wesseling, Henk.,Peter Burke. (Ed.)(2001).New Perspectives on Historical Writing.University Park, Penn.:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
33. Zürcher, Erik.,David E. Mungello. (Ed.)(1994).The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its History and Meaning.Nettetal:Steyler Verlag.
34. 王家鳳、李光真著(1991)。當西方遇見東方―國際漢學與漢學家。臺北:光華畫報雜誌社。
35. 古偉瀛(2004)。談「儒耶交流」的詮釋。臺灣東亞文明研究學刊
36. 張先清(1998)。1990~1996年間明清天主教在華傳播史概述。中國史研究動態，6
37. 張先清(2006)。文化相遇研究的理論探索―對鐘鳴旦教授〈文化相遇的方法論〉一文的回應。第四屆漢學國際研討會，臺北:
38. 喬伊斯•艾坡比、琳•享特、瑪格麗物•傑考、薛絢譯(1996)。歷史的真相。臺北:正中書局。
39. 黃一農(1996)。明末清初天主教傳華史研究的回顧與展望。新史學，7(1)
40. 廖炳惠(1992)。後殖民時代的歷史研究。新史學，3(2)
41. 鐘嗚旦(1991)。「格物窮理」：十七世紀西方耶穌會士與中國學者間的討論。哲學與文化，18(7)
42. 鐘嗚旦著、劉賢譯、吳梓明、吳小新編(2003)。文化相遇的方法論：以十七世紀中歐文化相遇為例。《基督教與中國社會文化：第一屆國際年青學者研討會論文集》，《宗教與中國社會研究叢書》第8冊，香港:
43. 鐘鳴旦、卓新平主編(2003)。勾畫中國的基督教史。相遇與對話―明末清初中西文化交流國際學術研討會文集，北京:

1. CHEN, Hui-Hung(2008).A European Distinction of Chinese Characteristics: A Style Question in Seventeenth-Century Jesuit China Missions.臺灣東亞文明研究學刊,5(1),1-32.
2. 鞏本棟(2007)。東亞視野下的宋代文學史料研究。臺灣東亞文明研究學刊，4(2)，241-268。
3. 黃俊傑(2009)。作為區域史的東亞文化交流史—問題意識與研究主題。臺大歷史學報，43，187-218。
4. 蔣竹山(2017)。文化轉向與全球視野：近代臺灣醫療史研究的再思考。漢學研究通訊，36(4)，14-25。
5. 賴毓芝(2013)。清宮對歐洲自然史圖像的再製：以乾隆朝《獸譜》為例。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊，80，1-75。
6. 李招瑩(2012)。圖像的政治與技術意涵：法國《北京傳教士關於中國人歷史、科學、藝術、習俗論叢》中的嚴州府水災圖之研究。輔仁歷史學報，28，103-142。
7. 羅樂然(2022)。綠鴨朱鳶千萬里－明清時期安南、朝鮮赴華使節的文化交流與競爭。清華學報，52(3)，551-590。
8. 衣若蘭(2015)。才女史評越扶桑─和刻本李晚芳《讀史管見》的出版與流傳。臺大歷史學報，55，173-217。
9. (2009)。明清書籍史的研究回顧。新史學，20(1)，1-41。
10. (2012)。祀真武或祭龍潭 ― 清初雲南東川府的信仰空間交疊與景觀再造。新史學，23(4)，119-161。