組織挫折與職場退縮：主管不當督導與工作內外控之研究

Organizational Frustration and Workplace Withdrawal: The Study of Abusive Supervision and Work Locus of Control

10.6129/CJP.2012.5403.02

郭建志(Chien-Chih Kuo)；蔡育菁(Yu-Ching Tsai)

工作內外控 ； 主管不當督導 ； 組織挫折 ； 職場退縮 ； abusive supervision ； organizational frustration ； work locus of control ； workplace withdrawal

中華心理學刊

54卷3期（2012 / 09 / 01）

293 - 313

繁體中文

本研究立基組織中的挫折－攻擊假說觀點，探討工作者的組織挫折對其職場退縮（工作性退縮與職業性退縮）之影響，並說明主管不當督導與工作控制感在其中所扮演的角色。本研究蒐集338位全職工作者的資料，結果發現組織挫折對工作者的職場退縮具有顯著的預測效果，而主管不當督導則會影響工作者的組織挫折，顯示組織挫折在主管不當督導與職場退縮間具有中介效果。此外，本研究也發現工作內外控在主管不當督導與組織挫折間具有調節效果，在面對低主管不當督導的情境時，內控者的組織挫折較外控者低。最後，本研究針對上述結果深入討論，並說明此結果在管理實務上的涵意。

Based on the organizational frustration-aggression work, the current study was designed to test the relationship of organizational frustration with workplace withdrawal (job withdrawal and work withdrawal), and to examine the influence of abusive supervision and work locus of control on organizational frustration. The data were collected from 338 employees in the several industries, such as semiconductor, manufacture, and chemistry in Taiwan.As expected, a positive relationship was found between organizational frustration and workplace withdrawal. In addition, it was found that abusive supervision was positively related to organizational frustration. It shows that organizational frustration mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace withdrawal. Moreover, organizational frustration was associated with individual difference in reaction to abusive supervision. In low levels of abusive supervision, workers with internal work locus of control reported a lower incidence of experienced frustration than those with external work locus of control. But, in high levels of abusive supervision, internals and externals reported higher levels of experienced frustration indifferently. The results offered general support for the applicability of the organizational frustration-aggression hypothesis to the workplace. Further discussion focuses on theoretical and practical implications of the observed outcomes.

1. 吳宗祐(2008)。由不當督導到情緒耗竭：部屬正義知覺與情緒勞動的中介效果。中華心理學刊，50，201-221。
   連結：
2. Mowrer, O. H. (1938). Some research implications of the frustration concept as related to social and educational problems. Journal of Personality, 7, 129-135.
3. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4. Aiken, L. S.,West, S. G.(1991).Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
5. Anderson, C. R.(1977).Locus of control, coping behaviors, and performance in a stress setting: A longitudinal study.Journal of Applied Psychology,62,446-451.
6. Ashforth, B. E.(1997).Petty tyranny in organizations: A preliminary examination of antecedents and consequences.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,14,126-140.
7. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51,1173-1182.
8. Berkowitz, L.(1981).On the difference between internal and external reactions to legitimate and illegitimate frustrations: A demonstration.Aggressive Behavior,7,83-96.
9. Blau, G.(1998).On the aggregation of individual withdrawal behaviors into larger multi-item constructs.Journal of Organizational Behavior,19,437-451.
10. Block, J. H.,Block, J.(1980).The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior.The Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Development of cognition, affect, and social relations,Hillsdale, NJ:
11. Brissett, M.,Nowicki, S., Jr.(1976).Internal versus external of reinforcement and reaction to frustration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,25,35-44.
12. Caplan, R. D.,Cobb, S.,French, J. R. P., Jr.,Van Harrison, R.,Pinneau, S. R.(1975).Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences.Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
13. Chen, P. Y.,Spector, P. E.(1992).Relationships of work stressors with aggression, withdrawal, theft and substance use: An exploratory study.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,65,177-184.
14. Dalton, D. R.,Todor, W. D.,Krackhardt, D. M.(1982).Turnover overstated: The functional taxonomy.The Academy of Management Review,7,117-123.
15. Day, R. C.,Hamblin, R. L.(1964).Some effects of close and punitive styles of supervision.American Journal of Sociology,69,499-510.
16. Dupré, K. E.,Inness, M.,Connelly, C. E.,Barling, J.,Hoption, C.(2006).Workplace aggression in teenage part-time employees.Journal of Applied Psychology,91,987-997.
17. Edwards, J. R.,Lambert, L. S.(2007).Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis.Psychological Methods,12,1-22.
18. Fox, S.,Spector, P. E.(1999).A model of work frustration-aggression.Journal of Organizational Behavior,20,915-931.
19. Giacalone, R. A.(Ed.),Greenberg, J.(Ed.)(1997).Antisocial behavior in organizations.London:Sage.
20. Hampson, S. E.,Goldberg, L. R.,John, O. P.(1987).Category-breadth and social-desirability values for 573 personality terms.European Journal of Personality,1,241-258.
21. Hanisch, K. A.,Hulin, C. L.(1991).General attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An evaluation of a causal model.Journal of Vocational Behavior,39,110-128.
22. Hanisch, K. A.,Hulin, C. L.(1990).Job attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An examination of retirement and other voluntary withdrawal behaviors.Journal of Vocational Behavior,37,60-78.
23. Harvey, P.,Martinko, M. J.,Gardner, W.(2006).Promoting authenticity in organizations : An attributional perspective.Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies,12,1-11.
24. Harvey, P.,Stoner, J.,Hochwarter, W.,Kacmar, C.(2007).Coping with abusive supervision: The neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes.Leadership Quarterly,18,264-280.
25. Hastorf, A. H.(Ed.),Isen, A. M.(Ed.)(1982).Cognitive social psychology.New York:Elsevier.
26. Jex, S. M.,Gudanowski, D. M.(1992).Efficacy beliefs and work stress: An exploratory study.Journal of Organizational Behavior,13,509-517.
27. Kapoor, A.,Ansari, M. A.,Shukla, R.(1986).Upward influence tactics as a function of locus of control and organizational context.Psychological Studies,31,190-199.
28. Katz, D.(1951).,Ann Arbor, MI:Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
29. Keashly, L.(1998).Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues.Journal of Emotional Abuse,1,85-117.
30. Keenan, A.,Newton, T. J.(1984).Frustration in organizations: Relationships to role stress, climate, and psychological strain.Journal of Occupational Psychology,57,57-65.
31. Kline, R. B.(1998).Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.New York:The Guilford Press.
32. Koeske, G. F.,Kirk, S. A.(1995).The effect of characteristics of human service workers on subsequent morale and turnover.Administration in Social Work,19,15-31.
33. Koslowsky, M.,Dishon-Berkovits, M.(2001).Selfreport measures of employee lateness: Conceptual and methodological issues.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,10,145-159.
34. Koslowsky, M.,Sagie, A.,Krausz, M.,Singer, A. D.(1997).Correlates of employee lateness: Some theoretical considerations.Journal of Applied Psychology,82,79-88.
35. Lazar, J.,Jones, A.,Bessiere, K.,Ceaparu, I.,Shneiderman, B.(2003).User frustration with technology in the workplace.Proceedings of 2003 Americas Conference on Information Systems
36. Leigh, J. P.,Lust, J.(1988).Determinants of employee tardiness.Work and Occupations,15,78-95.
37. Lewandowski, C. A.(2003).Organizational factors contributing to worker frustration: The precursor to burnout.Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare,30,175-185.
38. Lewicki, R. J.(Ed.),Sheppard, B. H.(Ed.),Bazerman, M. H.(Ed.)(1986).Research on negotiation in organizations.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
39. Martin, R.,Thomas, G.,Charles, K.,Epitropaki, O.,Mcnamara, R.(2005).The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control and work reactions.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,78,141-147.
40. Mitchell, M. S.,Ambrose, M. L.(2007).Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,1159-1168.
41. Mobley, W. H.(1977).Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover.Journal of Applied Psychology,62,237-240.
42. Muhammad, J.(1981).Shift work related to job attitudes, social participation and withdrawal behavior: A study of nurses and industrial workers.Personnel Psychology,34,535-547.
43. O''Connor, E. J.,Peters, L. H.,Pooyan, A.,Weekley, J.,Frank, B.,Erenkrantz, B.(1984).Situational constraint effects on performance, affective reactions, and turnover: A field replication and extension.Journal of Applied Psychology,69,663-672.
44. O''Connor, E. J.,Peters, L. H.,Rudolf, C. J.,Pooyan, A.(1982).Situational constraints and employee affective reactions: A partial field replication.Group & Organization Studies,7,418-428.
45. Peters, L. H.,O''Connor, E. J.(1980).Situational constraints and work outcomes: The influences of a frequently overlooked construct.The Academy of Management Review,5,391-397.
46. Richman, J. A.,Flaherty, J. A.(1992).Mental health consequences and correlates of reported medical student abuse.The Journal of the American Medical Association,267,692-694.
47. Ringer, R. C.,Boss, R. W.(2000).Hospital professionals' use of upward influence tactics.Journal of Managerial Issues,12,92-108.
48. Rosse, J. G.,Hulin, C. L.(1985).Adaptation to work: An analysis of employee health, withdrawal, and change.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,36,324-347.
49. Schilit, W. K.(1986).An examination of individual differences as moderators of upward influence activity in strategic decisions.Human Relations,39,933-953.
50. Seers, A.(1989).Team-Member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,43,118-135.
51. Sheehan, K. H.,Sheehan, D. V.,White, K.,Leibowitz, A.,Baldwin, D. C., Jr.(1990).A pilot study of medical student 'abuse.' Student perceptions of mistreatment and misconduct in medical school.The Journal of the American Medical Association,263,533-537.
52. Spector, P. E.(1988).Development of the work locus of control scale.Journal of Occupational Psychology,61,335-340.
53. Spector, P. E.(1978).Organizational frustration: A model and review of the literature.Personnel Psychology,31,815-829.
54. Spector, P. E.(1975).Relationships of organizational frustration with reported behavioral reactions of employees.Journal of Applied Psychology,60,635-637.
55. Spector, P. E.(1982).Behavior in organization as a function of employee's locus of control.Psychology Bulletin,91,482-497.
56. Spector, P. E.,O''Connell, B. J.(1994).The contribution of personality traits, negative affectivity, locus of control and Type A to the subsequent reports of job stressors and job strains.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,67,1-12.
57. Storms, P. L.,Spector, P. E.(1987).Relationships of organizational frustration with reported behavioural reactions: The moderating effect of locus of control.Journal of Occupational Psychology,60,227-234.
58. Tepper, B. J.(2000).Consequences of abusive supervision.The Academy of Management Journal,43,178-190.
59. Tepper, B. J.(2007).Abusive supervision in work organizations: Reviews, synthesis, and research agenda.Journal of Management,33,261-289.
60. Tepper, B. J.,Duffy, M. K.,Shaw, J. D.(2001).Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates' resistance.Journal of Applied Psychology,86,974-983.
61. Tepper, B. J.,Lockhart, D. E.(2005).Abused subordinates' upward maintenance communication: A coping perspective.Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Management Association,Charleston, SC:
62. Thayer, R. E.,Newman, J. R.,McClain, T. M.(1994).Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,67,910-925.
63. Whinghter, L. J.,Cunningham, C. J. L.,Wang, M.,Burnfield, J. L.(2008).The moderating role of goal orientation in the workload-frustration relationship.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,13,283-291.
64. Wyer, R. S., Jr.(Ed.),Srull, T. K.(Ed.)(1994).Handbook of social cognition, Vol. 1: Basic processes.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Wyer, R. S., Jr.(Ed.),Srull, T. K.(Ed.)(1994).Handbook of social cognition, Vol. 2: Applications.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
66. Yagil, D.(2006).The relationship of abusive and supportive workplace supervision to employee burnout and upward influence tactics.Journal of Emotional Abuse,6,49-65.
67. Zaccaro, S.,Craig, B.,Quinn, J.(1991).Prior absenteeism, supervisory style, job satisfaction and personal characteristics: An investigation of some mediated and moderated linkages to work absenteeism.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50,24-44.
68. 鄭伯壎(1995)。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究，3，142-219。

1. 李婉翠(2016)。不當督導前因後果之探討：以核心自我評價與知覺公平為干擾角色。淡江大學企業管理學系碩士班學位論文。2016。1-127。