以麥金泰爾之德行論為基礎的哲學諮商

Philosophical Counseling Based on MacIntyre's Virtue Ethics

10.7065/MRPC.201207.0155

尤淑如(Anna YU)

麥金泰爾 ； 德行論 ； 哲學諮商 ； 倫理治療 ； Alasdair MacIntyre ； Virtue Ethics ； Philosophical Counseling ； Ethic Therapy

哲學與文化

39卷7期（2012 / 07 / 01）

155 - 177

繁體中文

本文試圖從麥金泰爾德行論探究「德行論取向」之哲學諮商的初步樣貌。首先，從諮商的共同起點出發，指出個案的受苦經驗含有倫理的因素。倫理不僅是規範或限制，倫理也可能是受苦的原因、受苦的元素，甚至可以成為治療的策略。哲學諮商向來關注行動者的處境與倫理關係，德行論能夠提供哲學諮商理論基礎和實務的原則。哲學諮商作為一種倫理實踐的諮商模式，即是以哲學對話的方式，以個案所置身的處境為對象，把包裹於人情事理處境裡的倫理道德元素抽離出來，釐清個案所糾結於其中的人情網絡，使之具象化，好使得個案得以洞見自己真正深陷於其中、難以自拔之所在。進而分析此難處或困境的成因或形構歷程，由此展開進一步的哲思，或再一次的統整個案的信念系統。在此，本文將藉由麥金泰爾的德行論（以下簡稱德行論）來說明，倫理學與倫理實踐之間的密切關係，如何能夠在思考或統整個案信念系統方面給予助益；特別是在諮商實務方面，德行論能夠提供哪些諮商原則？能夠為哲學諮商提供哪些諮商實務的實踐智慧？此為本文關切的課題。

This article is an inquiry on the preliminary look of the ”virtue-ethics-oriented” philosophical counseling from the perspective of MacIntyre's virtue ethics. First of all, from the common starting point of counseling, we point out that the client's painful experience contains ethical elements. Ethics is not only a norm or constraint but also possibly a cause and element of pain, and even a strategy of therapy Philosophical counseling is always concerned with one's situational and ethical relationships, and the virtue ethics can provided theoretical foundation and practical principles for philosophical counseling. As a mode of ethical practice, philosophical counseling is to focus on the client's situation through philosophical dialogue, abstract the ethical and moral elements from it, clarify the social network where the client is tangled within, and then objectify it to make the client have an insight of where and how he or she is deeply trapped. Then the counselor can analyze how the difficult situation is caused or formed so as to contemplate philosophically on it further or formulate once again the client's belief system. Here, through MacIntyre's virtue ethics, we illustrate how the close relationship between ethics and ethical practice is helpful regarding the contemplation or formulation of the client belief system. And, particularly with regards to the practice of counseling, what counseling principles and practical wisdom can the virtue ethics provide?

1. 余德慧、李維倫、林耀盛、余安邦、陳淑惠、許敏桃、謝碧玲、石世明(2004)。倫理療癒作為建構臨床心理學本土化的起點。本土心理學研究，22
   連結：
2. 李維倫(2004)。作為倫理行動的心理治療。本土心理學研究，22
   連結：
3. Kleinman, Arthur. The Illness Narratives: The Illness Narratives: Suffering Healing & the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books, 1898.
4. Aristotle,Ross, W.D.(Trans.),Mckeon, Richard(edited)(1995).The Basic Works of Aristotle.Routledge Press.
5. Crisp, Roger(ed.)(1996).How Should One Live? Essays on the Virtues.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
6. Crisp, Roger(ed.)(1998).Vitue Ethics.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
7. Held, Barbara S.(2002)。回歸真實。臺北:揚智圖書公司。
8. Kleinman, Arthur(2006)。道德的重量。臺北:心靈工坊文化事業公司。
9. Kleinman, Arthur(1997)。談病說痛。臺北:桂冠圖書公司。
10. Lahav, Ran(ed.),Tillmanns, Maria da Venza(ed.)(1995).Essays on Philosophical Counseling.Lanham, Md.:Universit Press of America.
11. MacIntyre, Alasdair(1984).After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press.
12. Peck, M. Scott(2000)。等待重生─道德重整與真誠共舞。臺北:張老師文化事業公司。
13. Peck, M. Scott(1999)。邪惡心理學─真實面對謊言的本質。臺北:張老師文化事業公司。
14. Raabe, Peter B.(2000).Philosophical Counseling: Theory and Practice.Westport, CT:Praeger Publishers.
15. Rhee, Young E.(2010).More Philosophical Model of Counseling.Monthly Review of Philosophy and Culture,37(1),35-48.
16. Schutz, Alfred(1992)。舒茲論文集，臺北:
17. Tajfel, Henri(1981).Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology.New York:Cambridge University Press.
18. 余德慧。倫理主體作為生活世界的療癒向度：華人臨床心理學本土化的一個可能途徑。本土心理學研究，24

1. 尤淑如(2016)。哲學諮商需要以何種倫理學的內涵為基礎？─以《善的脆弱性》一書為線索。哲學與文化，43(1)，139-150。