民主的政治成本

The Political Cost of Democracy

10.6350/JSSP.200506.0271

許國賢(Kuo-Hsien Hsu)

民主的成本 ； 政治庸俗化 ； 表演式政治 ； cost of democracy ； vulgarization of politics ； performance politics

人文及社會科學集刊

17卷2期（2005 / 06 / 01）

271 - 297

繁體中文

民主做為人類歷史大潮之所趨，應是合理的及可欲的發展。但經營及維繫民主所涉及的成本，必須被審慎檢討，否則，恐將扭曲民主的過程並損及民主之根基。本文試圖批判地考察當代代議民主體制的兩項主要的政治成本，即選舉競爭的成本和政治庸俗化的成本，並思索紓解改良之可能性。本文將指出，唯有人民本身的自覺和自省，以及對於不斷學習的責任的勇於承擔，才能有效因應代議民主體制已然浮現的病理現象。

Observers of representative democracy have long been suspicious of the cost in operating it. Without a critical analysis of this cost, we would not be certain whether what representative democracy provides really outweighs what it costs. It is a political calculus that matters significantly. This article focuses mainly on two political costs of democracy, i.e., cost of electoral competition and cost of the politics of vulgarization. This author believes that only in examining critically the follies of the modern democratic process can we truly find out what we should do to make reforms possible. In short, the hope to reform depends upon citizens' willingness to undertake the responsibilities of self-awareness and self-reflection.

1. Arendt,Hannah(1958).The Human Condition.Chicago:Univeristy of Chicago Press.
2. Arendt,Hannah(1965).On Revolution.
3. Aristotle(1981).The Politics.
4. Arnold,David(1988).Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change.Oxford:Blackwell.
5. Bobbio,Norberto(2000).In Praise of Meekness: Essay on Ethics and Politics.Cambridge:Polity Press.
6. Bobbio,Norberto(1987).The Future of Democracy.Cambridge:Polity Press.
7. Bobbio,Norberto,Maurizio Viroli(2003).The Idea of the Republic.Cambridge:Polity Press.
8. Brutus(1993).The Debate on the Constitution: Part One.NY:The Liberary of America.
9. Burke,Edmund(2000).On Empire, Liberty and Reform: Speeches and Letters.New Haven:Yale University Press.
10. Burke,Edmund(1999).The Portable Edmund Burke.
11. Burke,Edmund(1968).Reflection on the Revolution in France.
12. Coser,Lewis(1956).The Functions of Social Conflict.New York:Free Press.
13. Dahl,Robert(1998).On Democracy.New Haven:Yale University Press.
14. Dahl,Robert(1989).Democracy and Its Critics.New Haven:Yale University Press.
15. Dahl,Robert(2003).How Democratic Is the American Constitution?.New Haven:Yale University Press.
16. Downs,Anthony(1957).An Economic Theory of Democracy.New York:Harper Collins.
17. Erasmus(1977).The Education of A Christian Prince.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
18. Hague,Rod et al.(1992).Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction.London:Macmillan.
19. Herodotus(1992).The Histories.London:Dent.
20. Huntington,Samuel(1991).The Third Wave.Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.
21. Keane,John(1991).The Media and Democracy.Cambridge:Polity Press.
22. Kramnick,Issac(1987).The Federalist Papers.
23. Kraye,Jill(1997).Cambridge Transaltions of Renaissance Philosophy Texts,Vol.2: Political Philosophy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
24. Locke,John(1988).Two Treatises of Government.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
25. Machiavelli,Niccolo(1981).The Prince.
26. Macpherson C.B.(1977).The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
27. Madison.James et al.(1987).The Federalist Papers.
28. Manin,Bernard(1997).The Principles of Reprsentative Government.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
29. Mill,James(1992).Political Writings.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
30. Mill,John Stuart(1997).Considerations on Representative Government.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
31. Montesquieu,Charles(1989).The Spirit of the Laws.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
32. Ober,Josiah(1989).Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
33. Paine,Thomas(1976).Common Sense.
34. Plato(1994).Gorgias.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
35. Poggi,Gianfranco(1990).The State: Its Nature, Development and Prospects.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
36. Satori,Giovanni(1987).The Theory of Democracy Revisited.Chathan:Chatham House Publisers.
37. Schmitt,Carl(1976).The Concept of Political.New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press.
38. Schumpeter,Joseph(1976).Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.New York:Harper Collins.
39. Sen,Amartya(1999).Democray as a Universal Value.Journal of Democracy,10(3),3-17.
40. Sen,Amartya(2000).Developments as Freedom.New York:Anchor Books.
41. Smith,Melancton(1986).The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debate.New York:Mentor Book.
42. Tocqueville,Alexis de(1994).Democracy in America.London:Everyman's Library.
43. Weber,Max(1994).Political Writings.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
44. 江宜樺(2001)。自由民主的道路。臺北:聯經出版公司。
45. 張福建(1999)。北美立憲前後代表理念的爭議。政治科學論叢，10，113-130。
46. 許國賢(2000)。商議式民主與民主想像。政治科學論叢
47. 許國賢(1997)。倫理政治論。臺北:揚智文化。
48. 郭永秋(2001)。當代三大民主理論。臺北:聯經出版公司。
49. 鄒文海(1988)。代議政治。臺北:帕米爾書店。

1. 洪偉濠(2016)。搭乘大眾捷運系統恐懼迴避行為之量測與影響因素-以臺北捷運為例。交通大學運輸與物流管理學系學位論文。2016。1-73。