低碳水化合物飲食對運動訓練與表現之影響

Effects of low carbohydrate diet on exercise training and performance

10.3966/102473002016093003003

高素貞(Su-Chen Kao)；何仁育(Jen-Yu Ho)

酮體適應 ； 低醣飲食 ； 運動表現 ； keto-adaptation ； low-sugar diet ； exercise performance

中華體育季刊

30卷3期（2016 / 09 / 01）

179 - 183

繁體中文

高強度運動訓練時，醣類是主要的能源，因此，運動員常被建議攝取高碳水化合物飲食，以增進運動表現。不過，研究指出，低碳水化合物飲食 (low-carbohydrate diet, LCHD) 結合運動，能動員更多脂肪酸轉換為酮體 (ketone bodies)，以作為體內主要能量的來源，除了有助於體重控制外，也能降低代謝症候群的罹患。然而，LCHD 在改善身體組成的同時，是否會影響到運動訓練的進行和效益呢？本文藉由LCHD 相關文獻蒐集，以探討LCHD 對身體組成、運動訓練與隨後運動表現的影響。綜合文獻結果發現：一、LCHD 必須執行兩週以上，身體組織才能有效地運用酮體作為能量，即產生酮體適應，有助於耐力運動表現和身體組成的改善；二、高強度間歇訓練時，兩週LCHD 的介入，可提升最大攝氧量表現、保留肌肉量與阻抗素 (resistin)；三、體操、自行車與跆拳道選手，在二週以上的LCHD 介入下，仍能可以維持正常的訓練強度，不影響運動表現。儘管過去的教練與選手皆認為，高碳水化合物的攝取才能維持高強度的運動訓練及增加運動表現，然而兩週以上的LCHD，不僅不會影響運動訓練的效益，也能同時改善身體組成，甚至提升運動表現。期望文獻整理的結果，能提供給運動選手，在賽期時體重控制與運動表現之另一種可行的飲食選擇。

As carbohydrate is the main fuel source during high-intensity exercise training, high carbohydrate diet is recommended for athletes to improve exercise performance. However, studies have indicated that fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies and used as a fuel source when low-carbohydrate diet (LCHD) is performed. In addition, when LCHD combined with exercise, body composition can be improved and risks of metabolic syndromes can be reduced. Whether LCHD affects exercise training and exercise performance requires clarification. Previous studies have shown that: 1. At least 2 weeks of LCHD is needed for keto-adaptation to take place and keto-adaptation has been shown to improve exercise performance and body composition. 2. During high-intensity interval training, Keto-adaptation has been shown to improve maximal oxygen consumption and preserve muscle mass and resistin. 3. Two weeks of LCHD intervention has been shown to decrease body weight and body fat without negatively effects on strength performance in artistic gymnasts, cyclists, and Taekwondo. Although the coaches and athletes still believe that high carbohydrate diet is necessary to m and aintain high-intensity exercise training and increase athletic performance, two weeks of LCHD intervention does not affect exercise training. In contrast, LCHD may improve body composition and even enhance athletic performance. LCHD can be used as an alternative diet for weight control and performance for some athletes.

1. Hession, M.,Rolland, C.,Kulkarni, U.,Wise, A.,Broom, J.(2008).Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities.International Association for the Study of Obesity. Obesity Reviews,10,36-50.
2. Jabekk, P. T.,Moe, I. A.,Meen, H. D.,Tomten, S. E.,Høstmark, A. T.(2010).Resistance training in overweight women on a ketogenic diet conserved lean body mass while reducing body fat.Nutrition & Metabolism,7(17),1-10.
3. Jacobs, P.(2011).Nutrient timing with low carbohydrate diets.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,8(1),7.
4. Nordmann, A. J.,Nordmann, A.,Briel, M.,Keller, U.,Yancy, W. S.,Brehm, B. J.,Bucher, H. C.(2006).Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors.Archives of internal medicine,166,285-293.
5. Paoli, A.,Grimaldi, K.,D'Agostino, D.,Cenci, L.,Moro, T.,Bianco, A.,Palma, A.(2012).Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,9(34),1-9.
6. Patterson, R.,Potteiger, J. A.(2011).A comparison of normal versus low dietary carbohydrate intake on substrate oxidation during and after moderate intensity exercise in women.European journal of applied physiology,111,3143-3150.
7. Rhyu, H. S.,Cho, S. Y.(2014).The effect of weight loss by ketogenic diet on the body composition, performance-related physical fitness factors and cytokines of Taekwondo athletes.Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation,10(5),326-331.
8. Rhyu, H. S.,Cho, S. Y.,Roh, H. T.(2014).The effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity markers of Taekwondo athletes.Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation,10(6),362-366.
9. Rowlands, D. S.,Hopkins, W. G.(2002).Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on metabolism and performance in cycling.Metabolism,51(6),678-690.
10. Sacks, F. M.,Bray, G. A.,Carey, V. J.,Smith, S. R.,Ryan, D. H.,Anton, S. D.,Williamson, D. A.(2009).Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.The New England Journal of Medicine,360(9),859-873.
11. Sartor, F.,Morree, H.,Matschke, V.,Marcora, S. M.,Milousis, A.,Thom, J. M.,Kubis, H. P.(2010).High-intensity exercise and carbohydrate-reduced energy-restricted diet in obese individuals.European Journal of Applied Physiology,110,893-903.
12. Volek, J. S.,Phinney, S. D.,Forsythe, C. E.,Quann, E. E.,Wood, R. J.,Puglisi, M. J.,Feinman, R. D.(2009).Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet.Lipids,44,297-309.
13. Widmaier, Raff,Strang(2014).Vander's human physiology: The mechanisms of body function.New York:McGraw-Hill Companies.