题名

價格標示方式在消費者認知需求干擾下對預期未來價格與品牌評價之影響-以團體套裝旅遊產品為例

并列篇名

The Effects of Price Format on Price Expectations and Brand Evaluation under Moderator of Need for Cognition-A Case of Group Package Tour

DOI

10.6267/JTLS.2010.16(1)2

作者

蔡進發(Chin-Fa Tsai);蕭至惠(Chih-Hui Hsiao);郭大誠(Da-Cheng Guo)

关键词

價格標示方式 ; 預期未來價格 ; 品牌評價 ; 認知需求 ; price format ; price expectations ; brand evaluation ; need for cognition

期刊名称

觀光休閒學報

卷期/出版年月

16卷1期(2010 / 04 / 01)

页次

19 - 44

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本研究針對價格促銷的標示方法進行深入探討,旨在幫助廠商瞭解如何選擇有效的價格標示方法,使廠商在進行促銷活動時,可以避免面臨產品進行促銷後導致預期未來價格下降、品牌評價受損等負面影響。 本研究操弄「折扣比例」及「劃去價格」這兩種價格標示方式,並以進出桃園、高雄小港國際機場的旅客為研究對象,以問卷調查方式進行,最後納入統計分析的有效問卷計200份。透過SPSS進行分析之研究結果顯示:(1)相對於劃去價格的標示方式,折扣比例的價格標示方式讓消費者產生較高的預期未來價格。(2)相較於較低的預期未來價格而言,消費者對預期未來價格比較高時,也將會同時給予較高的品牌評價。(3)價格標示方式會藉由預期未來價格的作用進而影響品牌評價。

英文摘要

This paper studies the price format for products under price promotion. This paper can help firms to conduct effective price format. We expect that, as the price promotion activities end, negative influences such as price degradation and brand depreciation can be minimized. This research uses ”cents-off promotions” and ”percentage-off promotions” to investigate the effects on consumers’ price expectations and brand evaluation. The subjects of this research are passengers at the Taoyun and Kaohsiung International Airport. Questionnaire survey is used, and 200 effective questionnaires are collected. Additionally, collected data are analyzed by SPSS. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Comparing to cents-off promotions, percentage-off promotions lead to higher future promotion price expectations. (2) The higher prices expectations, the higher brand evaluation. (3) The ways of price format have influences on brand evaluations through price expectations.

主题分类 人文學 > 地理及區域研究
社會科學 > 體育學
参考文献
  1. 蕭至惠、洪筱婷、蔡進發(2008)。旅遊網站品牌知名度與價格標示對線上套裝旅遊購買意願之影響。觀光休閒學報,14(1),83-107。
    連結:
  2. 蕭至惠、高韻晴、蔡進發(2009)。知覺品質與價格標示方式對消費者知覺價值與購買意願之影響—以線上旅遊產品為例。戶外遊憩研究,22(2),79-110。
    連結:
  3. American Marketing Association. (2009). Resource library. Retrieved August 15, 2009, from http://www.marketingpower.com/_layouts/Dictionary.aspx?dLetter=S
  4. Aaker, D. A.(1973).Toward a normative model of promotional decision making.Management Science,19(6),593-603.
  5. Aaker, D. A.(1995).Building strong brand.New York:The Free Press.
  6. Alba, J. W.,Hutchinson, J. W.(1987).Dimensions of consumer expertise.Journal of Consumer Research,13(4),411-454.
  7. Assael, H.(1992).Consumer behavior and marketing actions.Boston:Kent Publishing.
  8. Bailey, J. R.,Strube, M. J.(1991).Effects of need for cognition on patterns of information acquisition.Proceedings of the society for consumer psychology at the 1991 annual convention of the American Psychological Association,Madison, WI:
  9. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
  10. Barwise, P.(1993).Brand equity: Snark or boojum?.International Journal of Research in Marketing,10(1),93-104.
  11. Biswas, A.,Blair, E. A.(1991).Contextual effects of reference prices in retail advertisement.Journal of Marketing,55(3),1-12.
  12. Biswas, A.,Sherrell, D. L.(1993).The influence of product knowledge and brand name on internal price standards and confidence.Psychology and Marketing,10(1),31-45.
  13. Blattberg, R. C.,Neslin, S. A.(1990).Sales promotion: Concepts, methods, and strategies.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  14. Brucks, M.(1985).The effects of product class knowledge on information search behavior.Journal of Consumer Research,12(1),1-16.
  15. Cacioppo, J. T.,Petty, R. E.(1982).The need for cognition.Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,42(1),116-131.
  16. Cacioppo, J. T.,Petty, R. E.,Feinstein, J. A.,Jarvis, W. B. G.(1996).Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.Psychological Bulletin,119(2),197-253.
  17. Cacioppo, J. T.,Petty, R. E.,Kao, C. F.,Rodriguez, R.(1986).Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1032-1043.
  18. Cacioppo, J. T.,Petty, R. E.,Morris, K. J.(1983).Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,45(4),805-818.
  19. Charlton, P.,Ehrenberg, A. S. C.(1973).An analysis of simulated brand choice.Journal of Advertising Research,13(1),21-33.
  20. Chen, S.-F. S.,Monroe, K. B.,Lou, Y.-C.(1998).The effect of framing price promotion messages on consumers' perceptions and purchase intentions.Journal of retailing,74(3),353-372.
  21. Cohen, A. R.,Stotland, E.,Wolfe, D. M.(1955).An experimental Investigation of need for cognition.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,51(2),291-294.
  22. Daugherty, T.(2009).Need for cognition: Understanding the influence of individual differences on virtual product experiences.International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising,5(4),272-275.
  23. Deighton, J.(1984).The interaction of advertising and evidence.Journal of Consumer Research,11(3),763-770.
  24. Della Bitta, A. J.,Monroe, K. B.,McGinnis, J. M.(1981).Consumer perceptions of comparative price advertisement.Journal of Marketing Research,18(4),416-427.
  25. DelVecchio, D.,Henard, D. H.,Freling, T. H.(2006).The effect of sales promotion on post-promotion brand choice: A meta-analysis.Journal of Retailing,82(3),203-213.
  26. DelVecchio, D.,Krishnan, H. S.,Smith, D. C.(2007).Cents or percent? The effects of promotion framing on price expectations and choice.Journal of Marketing,71(3),158-170.
  27. Devlin, J.,Ennew, C.,McKechnie S.,Smith, A.(2007).A study of time limited price promotions.Journal of Product & Brand Management,16(4),280-285.
  28. Dickson, P. R.,Sawyer, A. G.(1990).The price knowledge and search of supermarket shoppers.Journal of Marketing,54(3),42-53.
  29. Dodds, W. B.,Monroe, K. B.,Grewal, D.(1991).Effects of price, brand and store information on buyers' product evaluations.Journal of Marketing Research,28(3),307-319.
  30. Eastlick, M. A.,Lotz, S.(1999).Profiling potential adopters and non-adopters of an interactive electronic shopping medium.International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management,27(6),209-223.
  31. Emery, F. E.(1969).Systems thinking: Selected readings.New York:Penguin Books.
  32. Estelami, H.(1999).The computational effect of price endings in multi-dimensional price advertising.Journal of Product and Brand Management,8(3),244-256.
  33. Estelami, H.(2003).The effect of price presentation tactics on consumer evaluation effort of multi-dimensional prices.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,11(2),1-16.
  34. Fibich, G.,Gavious, A.,Lowengart, O.(2007).Optimal price promotion in the presence of asymmetric reference-price effects.Managerial & Decision Economics,28(6),569-577.
  35. Garvin, D. A.(1983).Quality on the line.Harvard Business Review,61(5),65-73.
  36. Gourville, J. T.(1998).Pennies-a-day: The effect of temporal reframing on transaction evaluation.Journal of Consumer Research,24(3),395-408.
  37. Grewal, D.,Gotlieb, J.,Marmorstein, H.(1994).The moderating effects of message framing and source credibility on the price-perceived risk relationship.Journal of Consumer Research,21(1),145-153.
  38. Grewal, D.,Krishnan, R.,Baker, J.,Borin, N.(1998).The effect of store name, brand name and price discounts on consumers' evaluations and purchase intentions.Journal of Retailing,74(3),331-352.
  39. Grewal, D.,Monroe, K. B.,Krishnan, R.(1998).The effects of price-comparison advertising on buyers' perceptions of acquisition value, and behavioral intentions.Journal of Marketing,62(2),46-59.
  40. Grewal. D.,Marmorstein, H.(1994).Market price variation, perceived price variation, and consumers' price search decisions for durable goods.Journal of Consumer Research,21(3),453-460.
  41. Guilford, J. P.(1965).Fundamental statistics in psychology and education.New York:McGraw Hill.
  42. Hardie, B. G. S.,Johnson, E. J.,Fader, P. S.(1993).Modeling loss aversion and reference dependence effects on brand choice.Marketing Science,12(4),378-394.
  43. Hartley, S. W.,Cross, J.(1988).How sales promotion can work for and against you.Journal of Consumer Marketing,5(3),35-42.
  44. Jacoby, J.,Olson, J. C.(1997).Consumer response to price: An attitudinal information processing perspective.Moving ahead in attitude research,Chicago:
  45. Kahneman, D.,Tversky, A.(1984).Choices, values, and frames.American Psychologist,39(4),341-350.
  46. Kahneman, D.,Tversky, A.(1979).Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk.Econometrica,47(2),263-291.
  47. Kassarjian, H. H.(ed.),Robertson, T. S.(ed.)(1991).Perspectives in consumer behavior.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  48. Kim, C. K.,Lavack, A. M.(1996).Vertical brand extensions: current research and managerial implications.Journal of Product and Brand Management,5(6),24-37.
  49. Kim, H. M.,Kramer, T.(2006).The moderating effects of need for cognition and cognitive effort on responses to multi-dimensional prices.Marketing Letters,17(3),193-203.
  50. Kirmani, A.,Sood, S.,Bridges, S.(1999).The ownership effect in consumer responses to brand line stretches.Journal of Marketing,63(1),88-101.
  51. Kotler, P.,Keller, K. L.(2008).Marketing management.New York:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  52. Lazarus, R. S.(1999).Stress and emotion: A new synthesis.New York:Springer.
  53. Leone, C.,Dalton, C. H.(1988).Some effects of the need for cognition on course grades.Perceptual and Motor Skills,67(1),175-178.
  54. Lin, C.-H.,Wu, P.-H.(2006).The roles of need for cognition and information quantity on consumer judgments of products with conflicting attributes: An experimental study.International Journal of Management,23(4),808-817.
  55. Miyazaki, A. D.,Sprott, D. E.,Manning, K. C.(2000).Unit prices on retail shelf labels: An assessment of information prominence.Journal of Retailing,76(1),93-112.
  56. Monroe, K. B.,Krishnan, R.(1985).The effect of price on subjective product evaluation.Perceived quality: How consumers view stores and merchandise,Lexington, MA:
  57. Morwitz, V. G.,Greenleaf, E. A.,Johnson, E. J.(1998).Divide and prosper: Consumers' reactions to partitioned prices.Journal of Marketing Research,35(4),453-463.
  58. Nowlis, S. M.,Kahn, B. E.,Dhar, R.(2002).Coping with ambivalence: The effect of removing a neutral option on consumer attitude and preference judgments.Journal of Consumer Research,29(3),319-335.
  59. Olshavsky, W.(1985).Perceived quality in consumer decision making: An integrated theoretical perspective.Perceived quality: How consumers view stores and merchandise,Lexington, MA:
  60. Pham, M. T.,Muthukrishnan, A. V.(2002).Search and alignment in judgment revision: Implications for brand positioning.Journal of Marketing Research,39(1),18-30.
  61. Putrevu, S.,Tan, J.,Lord, K. R.(2004).Consumer responses to complex ads: The moderating role of need for cognition, knowledge and gender.Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising,26(1),9-24.
  62. Quelch, J. A.(1989).Sales promotion management.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  63. Raghubir, P.,Corfman, K.(1999).When do price promotions affect pretrial brand evaluations?.Journal of Marketing Research,36(2),211-222.
  64. Reinhard, M.-A.,Messner, M.(2009).The effects of source likeability and need for cognition on advertising effectiveness under explicit persuasion.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,8(4),179-190.
  65. Rhymer, K. N.,Skinner, C. H.,Jackson, S.,McNeill, S.,Smith, T.,Jackson, B.(2002).The 1-minute explicit timing intervention: The influence of mathematics problem difficulty.Journal of Instructional Psychology,29(4),305-311.
  66. Rifkin, J.(2000).The age of access: The new culture of hypercapitalism, where all of life is a paid-for experience.New York:Putnam Publishing Group.
  67. Rothschild, M. L.,Gaidis, W. C.(1981).Behavior learning theory: Its relevance to marketing and promotions.Journal of Marketing,45(2),70-78.
  68. Scott, C. A.,Yalch, R. F.(1980).Consumer response to initial product trial: A bayesian analysis.Journal of Consumer Research,7(1),32-41.
  69. Shi, Y. U.,Cheung, K. M.,Prendergast, G.(2005).Behavioural response to sales promotion tools: A Hong Kong study.International Journal of Advertising,24(4),467-486.
  70. Shoemaker, S.(1989).Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel market.Journal of Travel Research,27(3),14-21.
  71. Wang, K.-C.,Hsieh, A.-T.,Huan, T.-C.(2000).Critical service features in group package tour: An exploratory research.Tourism Management,21(2),177-189.
  72. Zeithaml, V. A.(1988).Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence.Journal of Marketing,52(3),2-22.
  73. 李翊綸(2007)。國立政治大學經濟研究所。
  74. 高泉豐(1994)。認知需求的概念與測量。中華心理學刊,36(1),1-20。
  75. 陳澤義(2006)。服務管理。台北:華泰書局。
  76. 曾忠蕙、樓永堅、別蓮蒂(2009)。贈品促銷深度對贈品組合評價影響之研究。台大管理論叢,19(s1),95-126。
  77. 黃深勳、曹勝雄、容繼業、陳建和(2005)。觀光行銷學。台北:國立空中大學。
被引用次数
  1. 陳欽雨、張書豪、王國光(2013)。平台品質、網站知名度與網路口碑對品牌評價之影響─以網路團購為例。Electronic Commerce Studies,11(1),53-78。
  2. 賴子敬,陳振燧,徐雪芳(2018)。朝三暮四?旅展套裝旅遊產品雙重價格促銷效果:價格間距觀點。休閒產業管理學刊,11(1),1-20。
  3. 王俊人(2014)。極端價格產品對顧客保留價格的影響:以自行車與SPA服務為例。大專體育學刊,16(3),274-286。
  4. 蕭至惠、蔡進發(2015)。旅遊產品促銷價格建構方式對消費者知覺之影響:以促銷深度與認知需求為干擾變數。行銷評論,12(1),1-26。
  5. 楊英賢、陳貽斌(2012)。從產品結構觀點探討旅行業產品開發設計模式。觀光休閒學報,18(1),67-87。